Mishonga yezvematongerwo enyika uye kushanya

Mishonga yezvematongerwo enyika uye kushanya
Avatar yaHarry Johnson
rakanyorwa Harry Johnson

Tourism pamberi pehosha

Mumakumi emakore anoverengeka apfuura, kushanya kwakaona kuenderera mberi nekusiyana-siyana kuti ive imwe yenzvimbo dzehupfumi dziri kukurumidza kukura munyika (UNWTO, 2019). Kusvika kwevashanyi vepasirese kwakawedzera kubva pamamiriyoni makumi maviri neshanu nemazana matatu muna 25.3 kusvika pamamiriyoni zana nemakumi matatu nemasere muna 1950 kusvika pamamiriyoni zana nemakumi mashanu muna 1138. Pakupera kwa2014, vashanyi vepasirese vakanga vanyora gore rayo rechigumi rinotevedzana rekukura uye rakanga rapfuura kukura kweGDP yepasi rose kwegore rechipfumbamwe rakatevedzana. Huwandu hwenzvimbo dzekuenda dzinowana US$1500 bhiriyoni kana kudarika kubva mukushanya kwepasi rose hwakanga hwawedzera zvakapetwa kaviri kubvira 2019.  

Zvichienderana neongororo yenyika zana nemakumi masere neshanu muna 185, zvakaonekwa kuti kushanya kwepasi rose kwakaunza mabasa mazana matatu nemakumi matatu emamiriyoni; zvakaenzana ne2019 pamabasa gumi pasi rose kana 330/1 yemabasa ese matsva akagadzirwa mukati memakore mashanu apfuura. Tourism yakaverengera 1% yeGDP yepasi rose uye 4% yepasirese masevhisi ekutengesa kunze (WTTC, 2020). Kwemakore akawanda, kushanya kwavewo kwave kuri raramo yezvitsuwa zvakawanda zvidiki, zvisina kupatsanuka zviri muCaribbean, Pacific, The Atlantic, uye Indian Ocean. Kune humwe hupfumi uhwu, kushanya kunotora chikamu che80% chezvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika uye kusvika 48% yemabasa akananga.

Hupfumi hwenyika hunowanzoitika nedenda

Nepo mupiro wekushanyirwa kuhupfumi hwepasi rose nekusimudzira zvisina mubvunzo, ichokwadi chakasimbiswa chekuti shanduko yechikamu ichi yakave inopokana. Kune rimwe divi, kushanya ndechimwe chezvikamu zvakaomarara zvehupfumi hwenyika. Kune rimwe divi, zvinoitikawo kuti ndeimwe yeanonyanya kubatwa nekuvhunduka. Chikamu chezvekushanyirwa chakasundidzirwa zvakare kumiganhu yaro nemhedzisiro yepasirose coronavirus denda iro rakabata nyika kubva munaKurume 2020. Denda reCOVID-19 rakatsanangurwa nenyanzvi nevanoongorora sedambudziko rakaipisisa rehupfumi kubva paGreat Kushungurudzika kwa1929. Izvo zvakakonzera kukanganisa kwakapinza, panguva imwe chete uye kusingagumi kune zvese zvinoda uye zvekupa cheni mu hyper-yakabatana hupfumi hwenyika. Denda iri rinotarisirwa kudzika nyika zhinji mukudzikira kwehupfumi muna2020, nemari inobhadharwa nemunhu mumwechete iri muchikamu chikuru chenyika kubva muna 1870 (The Worldbank, 2020). Hupfumi hwepasirese hwakafungidzirwawo kudzikira pakati pe5 kusvika 8% muna2020.

Mhedzisiro yedenda mukufamba uye kushanya

Nezvikonzero zviri pachena, kufamba uye kushanya kwakakanganiswa zvisingaenzaniswi nehupfumi hwevanhu nehupfumi kubva mudenda iri. Denda risati rasvika, huwandu uye nekumhanyisa kwekufamba kwenyika kwaive kwasvika munhoroondo. Nhoroondo, kufamba kwave kuri simba mukutapurirana kwezvirwere kubvira kutama kwevanhu kwave nzira yekuparadzira zvirwere zvinotapukira munhoroondo yakanyorwa uye icharamba ichiumba kubuda, kuwanda, uye kupararira kwehutachiona munzvimbo nenzvimbo. Huwandu hwakawedzera hwevafambi uye kufamba kwavo kwenzvimbo kwakadzora zvipingaidzo zvehutachiona uye kwakasimudza mukana wekupararira kwezvirwere zvinotapukira izvo zvinokanganisa chikamu chekushanya (Baker, 2015).  

 Nhoroondo yakaratidzawo kuti denda nemadenda zvine zvazvinokanganisa pamahotera, maresitorendi pamwe nendege nekuda kwekumisikidzwa kwekufamba kwenyika, hushamwari hunofambiswa nevezvenhau uye kutonga mudzimba kwakaunzwa nehurumende. Chirevo cha2008 cheWorld Bank chakayambira kuti denda repasirese rinotora gore rinogona kukonzeresa hupfumi hwepasi rose. Yakati kurasika kwehupfumi kwaisazouya kubva pakurwara kana kufa asi nekuedza kudzivirira hutachiona sekuderedza kufamba kwemhepo, kudzivirira kuenda kunzvimbo dzine hutachiona nekuderedza kushandiswa kwemasevhisi akadai sekudyira mumaresitorendi, kushanya, kutakura vanhu, uye kushambadzira kusingakoshi. Aya mafungidziro ave kuzviratidza-pachezvako mune denda razvino.

Denda repasi rose, rekutanga pachiyero charo munguva nyowani yekubatana, rakaisa, panjodzi, mabasa 121.1 miriyoni mukufamba uye kushanya kwemamiriro ekutanga uye miriyoni zana nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemashanu emamiriro ekunze.WTTC, 2020). Kurasikirwa kweGDP kwekufamba uye kushanya kunofungidzirwa kusvika pamadhora mazana matatu nemazana mana ezviuru zvekutanga uye madhora mazana mashanu neshanu emadhora ekuderera. Mari inotengeswa kunze kwenyika kubva mukushanya inogona kudonha nemadhora mazana mapfumbamwe nemakumi mapfumbamwe emadhora kusvika pamadhora bhiriyoni zana nemakumi maviri muna 3.4, ichigadzira huwandu hwakakura hunogona kuderedza GDP yepasirese ne5.5% kusvika 910% (UNWTO, 2020).

Pasi rose, denda iri rinogona kukonzeresa chikamu chezvekushanyirwa ne20% kusvika 30% muna 2020. Risiti dzekushanyirwa pasirese hadzina kufungidzirwa kuti dzidzokere kumatanho e2019 kusvika 2023 sezvo vashanyi vanosvika vakadonha pasi rose neanopfuura 65 muzana kubva denda iri zvichienzaniswa ne8 muzana panguva yedambudziko rezvemari repasirese uye 17 muzana pakati pehosha yeSARS ya2003 (IMF, 2020). Nepo zvikamu zvakawanda zvehupfumi zvichitarisirwa kupora kana matanho ekudzvinyirira abviswa, denda iri rinogona kunge riine hunhu hwakareba mukushanya kwenyika. Izvi zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nekuderedzwa kwevatengi kuvimba uye mukana wekuremerwa kwenguva refu mukufamba kwenyika kwevanhu.

Kugadzira nyaya yevashandi vekushanya kuti vafunge nezvekudzivirira kwekutanga kurwisa COVID-19

Zviripachena, indasitiri ine hutano, inowedzera yekushanya yakakosha pakugadzirisa hupfumi hwepasi rose. Ndicho chikonzero ichi nei vashandi mukufamba nekushanya, pamwe vechipiri chete kune vanokosha vashandi pamwe nevanhu vari muzera rinotambura uye zvikamu zvehutano, zvinofanirwa kutariswa sekutanga pakupa mushonga wePfizer / BioNtech painowanikwa pachena. Mushonga uyu wave ne 95% yehuwandu hwezvibodzwa mumiyedzo uye majekiseni anopfuura mamirioni makumi maviri nemashanu anotarisirwa kupihwa mukupera kwegore.  

Iko kudana kwekutarisa chikamu chakakosha pakurwisa kwekutanga kurwisa COVID-19 kunoenderana nenyaya yekuti kushanya kwenyika dzepasi rose kwatosvika pachinzvimbo che "chakanyanya kutadza" tichifunga nezvehukuru hwayo hwezvehupfumi pamwe nehupfumi. Saka zvakakosha kuti chikamu chirarame panguva uye nekupfuura kwedambudziko razvino kuti rikwanise kuenderera mberi nekuita basa rayo rakakosha senzira yekukonzeresa kugadzirisa hupfumi hwepasi rose uye kukura. Chokwadi, kufamba uye kushanya ichave iri chikamu chakakosha mukufambisa kudzoreredza hupfumi hwepasirese COVID-19 nekugadzira mabasa matsva, mari yehurumende, mari yekunze, kutsigira kusimudzira hupfumi hwenzvimbo nekuumba hukama hwakakosha nemamwe matunhu anozogadzira yakanaka domino mhedzisiro kune vanotengesa pane rese rese cheni.  

Parizvino, mabasa anopfuura miriyoni zana ari panjodzi, mazhinji ari madiki, madiki, uye epakati mabhizinesi anoshandisa chikamu chikuru chevakadzi, vanomiririra 100 muzana yevashandi vekushanya, sekureva kweUnited Nations World Tourism Organisation.UNWTO) Tourism yakakoshawo kuti ikurumidze kusimudzira nharaunda sezvo inobata vagari venzvimbo mukusimudzira kwayo, ichivapa mukana wekubudirira munzvimbo yavanobva. Kudzikira kwazvino kwasiya nharaunda zhinji pasi rose dzatarisana nekuparara kwehupfumi kusati kwamboitika.

 Pakazere, mabhenefiti ekufamba & kushanya anowedzera kure kupfuura maitiro ayo akananga maererano neGDP uye basa; kune zvakare mabhenefiti asina kunanga kuburikidza nekutengesa cheni chinongedzo kune mamwe masekete pamwe nemhedzisiro yaro (WTTC, 2020). Naizvozvo zviri pachena kuti kudzikira kwenguva refu uye kunonoka kudzoreredzwa kwechikamu kuchareva kuomerwa nekusingaperi uye kuderera kwehupfumi kune hupfumi hwakawanda pasi rose uye vangangoita mabhiriyoni evanhu. Izvi zvinopa hwaro hunomanikidza kuti vatarise chikamu chekutanga chekudzivirira kurwisa COVID-19. Nyaya idzi dzichaongororwa pane yedu inotevera Global Tourism Resilience uye Crisis Management Center's Edmund Bartlett Lecture Restarting. Hupfumi kuburikidza nekushanya: Zvekudzivirira zvematongerwo enyika, Global Kukoshesa uye Kwazvinoenda Zviriko muna Ndira 27, 2020. Shanyira webhusaiti ku www.gtrcmc.org mamwe mashoko.

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Avatar yaHarry Johnson

Harry Johnson

Harry Johnson anga ari iye mupepeti wedhisheni we eTurboNews kwemakore anopfuura 20. Anogara kuHonolulu, Hawaii, uye anobva kuEurope. Anofarira kunyora uye kuvhara nhau.

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