Mubhuku raDheuteronomio, muchero womuzambiringa wakarongwa sorumwe rwamarudzi manomwe akakomborerwa aiwanikwa munyika yaIsraeri.
Maererano neBhuku raNumeri, Mosesi akatuma vasori kuti vanoongorora Nyika Yakapikirwa. Vakadzoka nemasumbu emazambiringa akakura zvekuti akaturikwa padanda ndokutakurwa nevarume vaviri. Nhasi, vese Carmel Winery uye Hurumende yeIsrael vanoshandisa mufananidzo uyu sechiratidzo chavo. Mazambiringa akasarudzwa kufananidzira kuti nyika yaiyerera mukaka nouchi; the vine links rimwe remaropafadzo yeNyika Yechipikirwa—chipikirwa kuvana vaIsraeri.
Ipapo kwakauya Mambo David (3000 BCE, angangoita) uyo anonzi anga aine imba yekuchengetera waini yakawanda nemushandi akapihwa basa rekusarudza waini yekudya kwake (yekutanga sommelier munyika?). Kugadzirwa kwewaini kwakamiswa muna 600 BCE nechisimba cheIslam uye minda yemizambiringa yeIsrael yakaparadzwa. Mamongi aigara mumamongi uye nharaunda dzechiJudha vaiita tsika dzechitendero vaibvumidzwa kusanganisira waini yesakaramende - asi - hapana chimwe.
Waini kubva kuIsraeri yakatumirwa kuRoma munguva yeRoma uye indasitiri yakagadziridzwa kwechinguva panguva yekutonga kweVarwi veCrusader (1100-1300). Kunyange zvazvo waini yakatanga zvakare muchidimbu, kupinda nekutonga kweHumambo hweOttoman (1517-1917) kwakamisa zvachose kugadzirwa kwewaini muIsrael kwemakore 400. Kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rechi 19 (1848) apo nzvimbo yokuisira waini yakavhurwa muIsrael naYitzhak Shor; zvinosuwisa kuti waini yacho yaingoshandiswa pazvinangwa zvechitendero. Pakupedzisira, Baron Edmond James de Rothschild akazvarwa muFrance akaziva mukana weindasitiri yewaini muIsrael uye yasara inhoroondo.
VaRothschild vanoziva nezvewaini - iyi ndiyo mhuri iri shure kweBordeaux, France, Château Lafite Rothschild. Kudyara kwavo mabhiriyoni emadhora (kutanga muna 1877) kwaisanganisira minda yemizambiringa pamwe nemikana yedzidzo kuitira kuti vagari vadzidze kugadzira waini yemhando yepamusoro munyika. Kurudziro nerutsigiro rwemhuri yeRothschild rwakamutsa indasitiri yewaini yeIsrael uye Carmel Wine Company yakatangwa muna 1895, ichitengesa waini dzeRishon LeZion neZichron Ya'akov, kutanga waini yemazuva ano yeIsrael.
Mukutanga kwema1900, Israel yaive yakatarisana nekuzvitonga (muna Chivabvu 1948, Israel yakazivisa zviri pamutemo nyika yakazvimirira) uye kugadzira waini kwakamiswa. Pakupedzisira, muma1970, yakatangwazve uye nzira dzemazuva ano dzekugadzira waini dzakaunzwa kugadzira waini kuti inakirwe uye kwete kungova chinwiwa chinodhaka chezvinangwa zvechitendero. Mumakore ekuma1980 nyanzvi dzeCalifornia dzakaunzwa kuIsrael kuti dziunze nzira dzechizvino-zvino dzakaita zvakanaka pamunda wewaini uye mumunda wemizambiringa. Mumakore ekuma2000s waini yeIsrael yakava waini inofambiswa ne terroir kubva muminda imwe chete yemizambiringa pamwe nekuzivisa nekuparadzanisa hunhu kubva muminda yega yega mukati memunda wemizambiringa.
Israel inokohwa anenge matani 60,000 emazambiringa ewaini uye inogadzira anopfuura mamiriyoni makumi mana emabhodhoro ewaini gore negore.
Iyo indasitiri inotsigira 70+ yekutengesa wineries uye gumi makuru ewaini anodzora pamusoro pe90 muzana yekugadzirwa. Kutengeswa kunze kwenyika kunokosheswa pamadhora makumi manomwe+ emamiriyoni. Pamusoro pe70 muzana yezvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika zvinoenda kuU.SA, inosvika makumi matatu neshanu muzana inotungamirwa kuEurope uye yasara inotumirwa kuFar East.
Hunhu hwaIsraeri
Israeri ndiye Eastern Mediterranean nyika yakaganhurwa neGungwa reMediterranean kumadokero uye yakapoteredzwa neRebhanoni, Syria, Jorodhani, neEgypt kuchamhembe, kumadokero, nekumaodzanyemba. Nyika yakakura inenge 7,992 sq. mamaira uye inotambanudza 263 mamaira kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba, ichitsigira huwandu hwevanhu vane 8.5 miriyoni. Midungwerungwe yemakomo inosanganisira Gomo reHerimoni/Golan Heights, Gomo reMeron riri muUpper Galilee, uye Gungwa Rakafa, iro rakaderera pasi pose. Iko kusanganiswa kwezuva, zvikomo, uye nzvimbo dzine makomo zvinoratidzira ivhu reraimu, terra rossa (yakatsvuka, ivhu kune ivhu rine silt ine kwayakarerekera pH mamiriro ane hunhu hwakanaka hwemvura), uye tuff inoputika inogadzira paradhiso yewaini.
Chikamu chakaorera chenyika chine mamiriro ekunze eMedithera anosanganisira zhizha rinopisa rakaoma uye nguva pfupi yechando inonaya inotonhorera ine sinou nguva nenguva ichionekwa pakakwirira, kunyanya Golan Heights, Upper Galilee neJudea Hills. Desert reNegev rinofukidza inopfuura hafu yenyika uye kune nzvimbo dzakaoma. Kukanganisa kukuru kwemamiriro ekunze iGungwa reMediterranean rine mhepo, mvura, uye hunyoro hunobva kumadokero. Mvura inonaya muchando ishoma uye nekuda kwekushomeka kwemvura mumwaka wekurima, kudiridza kwedrip feed kwakakosha. Iyi nzira yakatangwa nevaIsrael mukutanga kwema1960 uye yava kushandiswa pasi rose.
Mumunda Wemizambiringa
Minda mizhinji yemizambiringa yakasimwa mumakore makumi maviri nemashanu apfuura inoenderana nechiyero: 25 metres pakati pemizambiringa nemamita matatu pakati pemitsara. Kuwanda kwemunda wemizambiringa i1.5 mazambiringa pahekita. Pane sarudzo yekukohwa nemichina inobvumira kukohwa kwehusiku kuti kupedzwe mumaawa mashoma, panguva yakanakisa, uye kuunzwa kunzvimbo yewaini mukutonhora kwemangwanani.
Canopy management inonyanya kukosha munyika inopisa uye zvakakosha kuderedza simba remuzambiringa uye kudzivirira mazambiringa kubva pakunyanya-kuratidzwa. Minda mizhinji yemizambiringa ndeye cordon spur yakatemwa munzvimbo yeVSP yakatwasuka. Mimwe minda yemizambiringa yakare yakasimwa mugomba, chimiro chemizambiringa yomugwenzi, uye muJudhiya Makomo, mimwe minda yemizambiringa yakasimwa mumitezo ine matombo. Minda yemizambiringa yakwegura inogona kusada kudiridzwa sezvo midzi yemizambiringa yakachera zvakadzika muvhu rine matombo kwemakore uye inogamuchira mvura inodiwa. Mazambiringa aya anokohwewa nemaoko.
Waini Renaissance
Parizvino, Karimeri ndiyo waini yakakura kwazvo muIsrael, inodzora ingangoita 50 muzana yemusika wemuno, uye ndiyo yechitatu yakakura kwazvo Israel maindasitiri kambani nekutengesa vhoriyamu (Dunn & Bradstreet, Israel), ine kutengeswa kwe59.2 miriyoni uye yegore yekukura mwero we5. muzana +/-. Karimeri inogadzira mabhodhoro anoda kusvika mamiriyoni makumi maviri pagore; mukwikwidzi wepedyo ndiBarkan-Segal winery.
Kameri yakanga ine mavambo akaderera. Sangano rakatanga muna 1895 uye rakatumira waini kuPoland, Austria, Great Britain, uye US. Muna 1902, Carmel Mizrahi yakatangwa muPalestine kutengesa nekugovera waini kumaguta eHumambo hweOttoman.
Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, waini yeKarmeri yakanga yakanaka zvakakwana kuti iunzwe paInternational Exhibition yeBerlin panhandare yakazvipira kumaindasitiri ekoloni yechiJudha muPalestine. Zviuru nezviuru zvakashanyira kuratidzwa uye zvakanwa waini yeCarmel yeRishon Le Zion. Kwapera gore, chimwe chiratidziro chakaitwa muHamburg umo mawaini evatorwa akagamuchirwa zvakanaka uye Rishon LeZion akahwina menduru yegoridhe paParis World's Fair (1900). Pakuvamba kwezana remakore rechi20, Karmeri yakawedzera kushanda kwayo nemapazu muDhamasiko, Cairo, Beirut, Berlin, London, Warsaw, uye Alexandra.
Kutengeswa kwakawedzera munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Hondo payakapera, kutengesa kwakaderera sezvo indasitiri yakarasikirwa nemusika mukuru muRussia (makakatanwa ehondo), muUS yaive kutanga kweKurambidzwa, uye muEgypt neMiddle East, ndiko kwaive kutanga kweArab nationalism. Zvakare, minda yemizambiringa yeIsrael yakadzurwa ndokudyarwazve nemiti yemirasi.
Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri yakasvetuka-yakatanga indasitiri yewaini uye masaisai evabvakure akachinja maitiro avo ekunwa. Muna 1957, Baron Edmond de Rothschild akapa mvumo mbiri dzewaini kuCooperative of Winegrowers, iyo Société Cooperative Vigneronne des Grandes Caves, inozivikanwa zviri nani pasi pezita rekutengesa reCarmel Mizrahi muIsrael neKarmeri pasi rose. Waini dzinotapira dzine chinangwa chechitendero chaive chigadzirwa cheCarmel anchor; zvisinei, nekubuda kwenyika itsva mukugadzira waini, vagadziri vewaini veIsrael vakatanga kutsvaga mhando itsva. Pakazosvika 1971 Cabernet Sauvignon neSauvignon Blanc dzakanga dzakanaka zvakakwana kuti dziunzwe mumusika weAmerica.
Nehurombo, ma1980s akaona kumwe kudzikira muindasitiri yewaini asi vagadziri vewaini vakakwanisa kupora pakati pemakore gumi sezvo kudiwa kwewaini yemhando yepamusoro kwakagadzirwa uye nzira dzakavandudzwa dzekugadzira waini dzakabatanidzwa nevarimi vewaini zvichiita kuti waini yeIsrael ikwikwidze. nyika.
Carmel Ownership
Karimeri ndeyaKanzuru yeVarimi veMivhini (75 muzana) uye Jewish Agency yeIsrael (25 muzana). Kambani yevabereki ndeye Société Cooperative Vigneronne des Grandes Caves Richon Le Zion uye Zikhron Ya'akov Ltd.
Nzvimbo yekutanga yeCarmel yaive Rishon LeZion Winery, yakavakwa muna 1890 naBaron de Rothschild, ichiiita chivakwa chekare cheindasitiri muIsrael chichiri kushandiswa. Ndiro bhizinesi rekutanga kuisa magetsi nenhare uye David Ben-Gurion (mutungamiri wekutanga weIsrael) aive mushandi.
Panyaya yekugadzirwa, ndiyo yakakura kwazvo waini muIsrael (inogadzira waini, mweya, uye muto wemazambiringa) uye mugadziri mukuru wewaini yekosher munyika. Bhizinesi rakahwina menduru zhinji kupfuura chero mugadziri wewaini weIsrael.
Carmel Winery ine minda yemizambiringa yakawanda muIsrael yese uye inosanganisira dzimwe dzenzvimbo dzakanakisa dzeminda yemizambiringa munyika. Paavhareji goho reKarmeri rinosvika matani 25,000 50 emazambiringa, inenge XNUMX muzana chete yezvakakohwewa nevaIsraeri. Nzvimbo dzekurima waini dzinoonekwa sedzakanakisa nekuda kwenzvimbo dzadzo dzepamusoro uye mamiriro ekunze anotonhorera.
Karimeri. Kuravira kwaIsraeri
Karimeri. 2020 Kunyorera. Cabernet Sauvignon, Upper Galilee. Dry Red Wine. Kosheri yePaseka, Mevushari. Yakawedzerwa kuvirisa nematehwe; akwegura muFrench oak barrels kwe12-mwedzi. Waini haibhadharwi uye inosefa zvine mutsindo isati yaiswa bhodhoro; sediment yechisikigo inogona kuoneka panguva yekukura kwebhodhoro.
Izwi rokuti kosher rinoreva "kuchena." Misika inonangwa inosanganisira maJuda echinyakare anocherekedza mitemo yezvekudya kwechiJudha. Waini dzeKosher dzinogona kuve dzepasirese, kugamuchira zvibodzwa zvakanaka uye kuhwina mibairo yepasirese. Waini inogadzirwa uchishandisa maitiro akafanana neasina-kosher waini. Panyaya yemhando, zita rekosher harina basa.
Garireya inzvimbo yekutonga uye yewaini kuchamhembe kweIsrael. “Mvura ikava waini” ndiwo musoro wenharaunda yacho wakavakirwa panongedzero yenhau yomuchato wakaitirwa kuKana, uko Jesu anoshandura mvura kuva waini. Mhando dzevhu dzinosanganisira mahara-anodonhedza gravel, limestone based uye mineral-rich volcanic basalt. Nzvimbo iyi inoratidzwa nematombo akakwirira anopfuura 450 metres (1500 tsoka). Kukwirira kunotonhorera uye kunaya kwakanyanya munzvimbo ino kunobvumira mazambiringa kuchengetedza acidity yawo uye kugadzira waini yakachena uye ine simba.
Notes
Yakadzika yepepuru kuziso uye matipi eblueberries matsva anofadza mhino, pamwe nekasis. Waini inoburitsa muchero wakaibva, wakapfuma uye kunhuhwirira kwakanyanya (funga yeAustralia Shiraz, Chateauneuf-du-Pape) kumukaka wekutenda kune mazano epepper, spice, raspberry, cherry nyowani, plums uye dehwe. Zvinonaka kusveta panguva yekukurukurirana kukuru kana kubatanidza ne steaks, uye nyama-sauce pasta.
© Dr. Elinor Garely. Ichi chinyorwa chekopirisita, kusanganisira mapikicha, chingangodaro chichiburitswa pasina mvumo yakanyorwa kubva kumunyori
