SINGAPORE - Chiratidzo chekuchinja kwenguva dzekubhururuka kwendege zvekuti sezvaimbove mutakuri wepamusoro-soro weJapan Airlines (JAL) yaive ichitsvaga kubhuroka mwedzi wapera, bhajeti reSingapore Tiger Airways yaitengesa zvikamu zvayo kune veruzhinji kune zvaidiwa zvekuti yakanyoreswa zvakawandisa neka21 pamusika wekutengesa weguta.
Kukwira kwemitengo yemafuta, kuderera kwekuda kwekufamba mukati mekuderera kwehupfumi hwenyika, uye gore rapfuura H1N1 dambudziko refuruwenza, vese vakarangana vachipokana nevatakuri vebasa rakazara (FSCs), zvichikonzera vazhinji kucheka nzira uye kucheka vashandi - kana, kana iri JAL, kukoromoka uye kupisa pasi pekuremerwa kwezvikwereti zvinorema.
JAL, kunyangwe yaive nyaya yakanyanyisa, yanga isiri yega pakati pevatakuri vekutanga veAsia mukunetsekana pakati pekuderera kwemari yepasi rose. Singapore Airlines (SIA), iyo ndege huru pasi rose nemutengo wemusika, gore rapfuura yakadzikisa huwandu hwayo ne11%, yakanonoka kuendeswa kwendege itsva sere dzeAirbus, yakaderedza mihoro yevashandi nemaawa ekushanda - uye ichiri kurasikirwa neS$428 miriyoni (US $304. miriyoni) mumwedzi mitanhatu yekutanga yegore rezvemari, inomiririra kurasikirwa kwekutanga-kumashure kwekota kwakaitika nemutakuri wepamusoro mumakore anopfuura manomwe.
Thai Airways yakaunzawo kurasikirwa kukuru pamitoro yevatyairi yakaderera uye kusatungamira kwepamusoro-soro, zvichikonzera kushushikana kuti aimbove anodada mutakuri wenyika anogona kuenda nenzira yekubhuroka JAL pasina kugadziridzwa kukuru kwemashandiro ayo. Garuda yeIndonesia yakamanikidzwa kumisa hurongwa hwayo gore rapfuura kunyora pastock exchange nekuda kwekuderera kwemari.
Tichipesana nemamiriro ezvinhu akaipa aya, vatakuri veAsia vasina-frills, vatakuri vakaderera (LCCs) vakashandisa dambudziko rehupfumi hwenyika semukana wegoridhe wekuwana chikamu chemusika uye nekubatanidza zvinzvimbo zvavo vis-a-vis premium ndege. Maonero ekusimudzira aya akaonekwa pamusangano weindasitiri mwedzi uno muSingapore, uko vakuru vakuru vakati wandei veLCC vakataura nezve rekodhi purofiti, hurongwa hwekuwedzera uye zvingangoita musika wemasheya.
MaLCC akaverengera 15.7% yemusika wendege weAsia gore rapfuura, kana kungoita pasi pechimwe chezvigaro zvitanhatu zvakatengeswa mudunhu, maererano neCentre for Asia Pacific Aviation. Izvi zvakakwira kubva pazvishoma gumi neina kubva muzana muna 14 uye zvinoenderera mberi zvichikwira kubva kungori 2008% LCC yakaverengerwa muna 1.1. Izvo zvakawanikwa pamusika, vanoongorora vanoti, zvakauya nemutengo wakananga wendege dzenharaunda.
MaLCC akaita zvakawanda kupfuura kushandura hupfumi hweindasitiri; vaita nekukurumidza zvakanyanya pakuchinja zvinodiwa nevatengi uye maitiro. Pakaitika kuderera kwepasi rose muna 2008, vafambi vekuAsia vakadzokera kumashure zvakanyanya pazvigaro zveumbozha uye vachiwedzera kutsvaga mitengo yakaderera.
Ndege dzePrimum, dzakawanda dzakaremerwa nezvimiro zvakaomesesa-mutengo uye zvikwereti zvakakura, dzakanonoka kupindura kuchinjika uye semhedzisiro yakarasika kune nimbler LCC vakwikwidzi. Muchikamu, imhaka yekuti maLCC anoshanda pane akasiyana seti yemafungiro ehupfumi uye emari.
Tony Davies, mukuru mukuru weTiger Airways yekuSingapore ichangobva kunyorwa, anoti ndege yake yakatevera tsoka dzemuUS hyper-market mutengesi Walmart: "[LCCs] vatengesi," akadaro. "Bhizinesi redu nderekutengesa zvigaro."
Kufanana nemaLCC mazhinji edunhu, Tiger Airways yakarova mitengo nekubvisa mafiritsi, kusanganisira chikafu chemubhodhi uye pasi-pasi-matikiti emakaunda. MaLCC ane tsika dzekubhururuka kwemaawa mana kana mashoma, zvichiita kuti vashandise vashandi vendege vakafanana pakudzoka nendege pazuva rimwe chete. Izvo zvakabvumira maLCC kuhaya vashandi vashoma uye kudzivirira mutengo wakakura wekugara kwehusiku hwenhengo dzevashandi.
Mazhinji maLCC anochengetedzawo zvikepe zvakaenzanirana, uye mazhinji achiendesa imwe chete, isingadyi mafuta erudzi rwejeti, senge Airbus 320 kana Boeing 787. Izvi zvinovabvumira kuchengetedza pakugadzirisa, zvigadziriso uye mari yekudzidzira. Nemitengo yakadai yadzikiswa, maLCC anogona kubhadharisa mari yakaderera pane ndege dzekutanga pasina kurasikirwa, kunyanya munzvimbo ine dambudziko.
MaLCC akawanawo nzira dzekugadzira dzekusimudza mari isingaenderane netikiti. Vachizivikanwa pamapepa avo semari "yekuwedzera", mamwe maLCC akawana purofiti nekubvisa zvigadzirwa nemasevhisi anobvumira vafambi kutora uye kubhadhara zvavanoda. Lim Kim Hai, sachigaro mukuru weAustralia's Regional Express bhajeti yendege, anoreva maitiro ekubvisa se "purofiti isina marwadzo".
Zvinogona kuunganidzwa nekungochaja kashanu mutengo wechikafu chekudya pabhodhi, kana kuburikidza nekusungirirana kwakanyanya nezvinofarirwa nemakambani einishuwarenzi anobvumira maLCC kuunganidza nguva imwe neimwe mufambi anotenga inishuwarenzi yekufambisa netikiti ravo.
LCC piyona AirAsia nguva pfupi yadarika yakagadzira dhipatimendi rakakosha rezvemari uye rekuvimbika kuti ripinde mukukwanisa kwekubatana nemabhangi nemahotera kuti vape makadhi echikwereti akabatanidzwa akabatanidzwa, mitengo yemakamuri ehotera uye mamwe mabasa ane chekuita nekufamba. "Nenzira iyi tinowana mihoro yedu uye tinosimudzira kuvimbika kubva kune vatinobhururuka," akadaro mukuru wedhipatimendi reAirAsia, Johan Aris Ibrahim.
Nzvimbo itsva dzemhepo
Sangano reInternational Air Transport Association (IATA), sangano remaindasitiri, rakataura pamusangano wendege uchangobva kuitika kuSingapore kuti dunhu reAsia-Pacific rakakunda North America semusika mukuru wepasi rose wekufamba nendege, uine vanhu vanosvika 647 miriyoni muna 2009. Izvi zvakangove zvishoma. vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 638 vakabhururuka nendege dzekutengesa gore rapfuura muNorth America.
Musika mukuru weAsia iChina, asi dunhu reSoutheast Asia zvakare rine mukana mukuru nemusika waro wakabatanidzwa we600 miriyoni-pamwe nevanhu. Vanoongorora maindasitiri vanoti chikamu chikuru chevagari vemudunhu iri havasati vafamba nendege uye nemitengo yazvino havangambokwanisi kuwana chigaro mundege inoshanda zvizere.
Ichi ndicho chikamu chimwechete chemusika chisina kuchengetedzwa icho chinonzi nevakuru veLCC chine mukana mukuru wekukura, kunyanya kana mari yedunhu ichikwira sezvakarongwa. Apo AirAsia yeMalaysia yakatanga kufamba kwebhajeti redunhu muna 2001, 6% chete yevaMalaysia yakanga yabhururuka nendege. Pasi pekuti "Iye zvino munhu wese anogona kubhururuka" sirogani yekushambadzira, mutakuri webhajeti agara achipa mitengo yematikiti yakaderera pane imwe mari yebhazi.
"MaLCC achinja mafambiro evanhu zvamazvirokwazvo," akadaro Kris Lim, mubatanidzwa wemukuru wePacific Asia Travel Association's Strategic Intelligence Center muBangkok. "Vanopa simba rekufamba kune vechidiki vakawanda vane mari shoma yekufambisa kana vanhu vasina mari shoma vasingakwanise kubhadhara vatakuri vebasa rakazara."
Kusadzorwa kuchangobva kuitika kwedenga reSoutheast Asia kwavhura indasitiri kumakwikwi emitengo echokwadi mushure memakumi emakore ekudyidzana kwekudyidzana pakati pevatakuri vemureza wenyika. Nzira yeMalaysia-Singapore, semuenzaniso, yakavhurwa nguva pfupi yapfuura kumakwikwi mushure mekunge SIA neMalaysia Airlines vatonga nzira kweanopfuura makore makumi matatu nemashanu.
Kuita kweDuopolistic kwakakonzera imwe yenzira dzinodhura kwazvo pasi rose kwekufamba kwemaminetsi makumi mashanu neshanu, nemitengo yematikiti inodarika US$55. LCCs ikozvino inopa mari yekota yehuwandu iyo uye ine yakakwira frequency. AirAsia inofamba pakati peKuala Lumpur neSingapore kanosvika kapfumbamwe pazuva.
Kuwedzera kusunungurwa kwemusika kuri munzira kuburikidza neSoutheast Asia inodaidzwa kuti Open Sky Agreement, iyo ichauya ichishanda zvizere muna 2015 uye inotarisirwa kubatsira maLCC edunhu. Chibvumirano ichi chinobvumira vatakuri vemhepo vematunhu kuita ndege dzisingaperi kune vese gumi Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN) nhengo uye inovimbisa kuwedzera intra-regional kushanya, kutengeserana uye kudyara pakati penhengo dzenhengo - Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar. , Philippines, Singapore, Thailand neVietnam.
Nepo kuitwa kwechibvumirano pasina mubvunzo kuchizosangana nekugunun'una kwevanodzivirira, vanoongorora maindasitiri vanotenda kuti maitiro ekuregedzerwa ari munzira. Gurukota rezvekutakurwa kweSingapore, VaRaymond Lim mwedzi uno vakadaidzira kuti pave nemakwikwi emakwikwi endege dzedunhu iri. "Hutongi hwakasununguka huchaunzawo tarisiro huru yekukura kwehupfumi kumativi ese," akadaro.
Kana kuvhurika kwakanyanya kuchizotungamira kune vakawanda vanopinda mumusika wendege hazvisati zvanyatsojeka, zvichipihwa rombo rakanaka rendege zhinji dzepamusoro. Chirevo chechangobva kuitika kubva kuSydney-based Center yeAsia Pacific Aviation inofanotaura kubatanidzwa kweindasitiri mune ramangwana pakati pevatambi vadiki, mazhinji ayo anofanotaura achamanikidzwa kubatanidza kana kuvhara sezvo makwikwi anopisa.
"Kubhururuka kwendege iindasitiri inokwikwidza uye, zvisina kusiyana nechikamu chebhangi, kubatanidzwa kana kubatanidzwa pakati peLCCs zvinogara zvichikwanisika nekuda kwemakwikwi ekucheka," akadaro Ng Sem Guan, muongorori wendege kuKuala Lumpur-based OSK research.
Parizvino, maLCC mazhinji ari kubhidhaira kukwezva vatengi, kusanganisira vafambi vebhizinesi vanobhadhara zvakanyanya, kure nevezera ravo vane dambudziko remari. Munzvimbo iyoyo, Chong Pit Lian, mukuru mukuru weJetstar Asia, anoita kuti maLCC's adhure mafizi anoreva kuti vafambi vemakambani vanogona kubhururuka kakawanda kunosangana nevavanodyidzana navo pasi rose uye kutumira vashandi vechidiki kuti vawedzere kudzidziswa uye zvimwe zvinangwa zvekuratidzira.
Vamwewo vari kubhidhaira kuti vapinde mumatunhu ekutanga-ega ega ekufamba kwenguva refu, kusanganisira nendege kubva kuAsia kuenda kuEurope nemitengo yakaderera isati yamboitika. Gore rapfuura, AirAsia X yeMalaysia yakaunza nzira dzekufamba-famba kubva mudunhu kuenda kuLondon nechidimbu chezvinobhadharisa ndege dzekutanga.
Kana, sezvingatarisirwa, mamwe maLCC akatevera AirAsia X kutungamira-kureba, kukwikwidza kwakawedzera kuchaita kuti zvinyanye kuomera dunhu rine chikwereti uye kurasikirwa-kuita premium vatakuri kuti vagadzire nzvimbo yakarasika, vanoongorora maindasitiri vanoti.
"Pachave paine musika wevatakuri vekutanga kune vafambi vanoda kubhadharira zvimwe zvinhu uye masevhisi ari nani," akadaro muongorori Ng. "Asi mukupera kwezuva kupona kwendege kunozoenderana nekutarisirwa kwemapepa avo."
ZVOKUBVA MUNYAYA INO:
- It is a sign of the changing aviation times that as once high-flying premium carrier Japan Airlines (JAL) was filing for bankruptcy last month, Singapore’s budget flier Tiger Airways was selling its shares to the public to such demand that its stock was oversubscribed by 21 times on the city’s stock exchange.
- Premium airlines, many burdened with rigid fixed-cost structures and high debts, were slow to respond to the shift and as a result lost out to nimbler LCC competitors.
- Thai Airways also incurred heavy losses on lower passenger loads and top-level mismanagement, raising concerns that the once-proud national carrier could go the way of bankrupt JAL without a major overhaul of its operations.
