IEuropean post-Soviet greening - kuwana uye kukundikana

DNIPRODZERZHYNSK, Ukraine - Makore makumi maviri apfuura, pakaburuka Iron Curtain, nyika yakamira nekutya sezvo yakazvionera kuparadza kwakakonzerwa nemuchina wemaindasitiri weSoviet.

Muhumambo hwese hwemakomunisiti huri kuparara, tsvina yetsvina nemakemikari zvakavhara nzizi; utsi hwemaindasitiri hwakavhunga maguta; mwaranzi yakanyura muvhu; gomba rakashama rine mavanga mipata yakasvibira. Zvakanga zvakaoma kuyera kuti zvakanga zvakaipa sei uye zvichiri zvakadaro: Tarisiro yaive yakawanda pakugadzira quotas pane data rezvakatipoteredza.

Nhasi, Europe ine mamabvazuva maviri - imwe yakacheneswa zvakanyanya nerubatsiro rwekuwedzerwa kukuru kwemari yekuMadokero uye tarisiro yekuve nhengo muEuropean Union yakabudirira; imwe ichiri kuita sekunge macommissar haana kumboenda.

Mitsara yenganonyorwa inosiyana inonyorwa mukuyerera nekuyerera kwenzizi mbiri.

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Kuyerera uchitevedza Rwizi rweUkraine rweDnieper, kupfuura iyi yakambova nesimba rekutonga kweSoviet, kunoda kuchekwa nemumakore eutsi nhema neorenji kubva pachirimwa chesimbi.

Pamusoro pechikomo, vafambi vanogona kubata mhepo yemarara ari kutsva. Minda iri pedyo yakakomberedzwa newaya ine minzwa ine zviratidzo zvinonyevera nezveradioactivity. Kure mberi, rwendo rwechikepe rwunopfuura chiteshi chechitatu chemasimba enyukireya chikuru pasi rose.

Kumusoro kubva kuKiev, guta guru reUkraine, iyo Dnieper inotora mvura kubva kuRwizi rwePripyat, iyo sediment ichiri kuvharwa neradioactive caesium-137 kubva munjodzi yenyukireya yeChernobyl ya1986.

Kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero, munyika dzakabatana neEU, rumwe rwizi, Danube, ruri kubhuya. Mabhoti ekunakirwa anofamba achipfuura nzvimbo dzekugezera dzeveruzhinji uye vanhu vemarudzi mazhinji vanofamba-famba vachidzika padivi penzira inopenya yemvura yaikurudzira mimhanzi yaJohann Strauss. Huni dzakadzivirirwa nenzvimbo dzine madova zviri kutambanudzwa mukufamba kwadzo.

Muna 1989 nzvimbo yeDanube yaiyerera nemunyika dzemakomunisti yakanga yakafanana neDnieper - njodzi yezvakatipoteredza yezviyero zvikuru. Oiri yaipenya nemavara emurarabungu pamusoro pemvura. Marefu marefu akanga asina hove, uye algae yainhuwa yakawedzera mumahombekombe. Zvakaipa kupfuura kusvibiswa kwaionekwa kwaive kupindirwa kwehunyambiri hwema microcontaminants ayo akachetura ecosystem.

Asi pamharadzano yejogirafi nenhoroondo pane nzwisiso mukusiyana kwenzizi.

Kubva muRussia uye ichipera muGungwa Dzvuku, Dnieper inoyerera ichienda kumaodzanyemba kuburikidza neBelarus, ichicheka kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweUkraine, nyika dzakasara, mumadhigirii akasiyana-siyana, dzinenge dzakasungirirwa pamusoro pemakore makumi maviri apfuura kune simba reKremlin.

Danube, nerumwe rutivi, inotsvaga kufora kwekukunda kuburikidza nekuwedzera kweEuropean Union kumabvazuva, kutanga muEuropean Union heavyweight Germany uye ichiyerera nepakati kana kugadzira muganho wenhengo nyowani - Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, Romania, neBulgaria.

Rwizi urwu runoyerera makiromita 2,857 (1,775 mamaira) kubva kuBlack Forest kuenda kuBlack Sea. Vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 83 munyika 19 vanogara mubheseni rayo.

Makore mashanu mushure mekunge Rusvingo rweBerlin rwawa muna Mbudzi 9, 1989, nyika zhinji dziri kugovera Danube dzakasaina gungano rekutonga rwizi, nzizi dzarwo, bheseni nenzvimbo dzepasi. Chaive chimwe chezvirongwa zvine mutsindo mubasa rakakura pakati pemasimba ekuMadokero kuita kuti mabhiriyoni emadhora awanikwe kuitira kuchenesa kukuru kwekumabvazuva kweEurope.

Mumakore mashanu echiito chepamusoro-soro kubva muna 2000, nyika dzeDanube dzakashandisa madhora mabhiriyoni 3.5 kuvaka nzvimbo dzokuchenesa mvura yetsvina mumazana emataundi nemisha iri pedyo nerwizi nenzizi dzarwo huru 26. Vakashandisa madhora mazana mashanu emamiriyoni ekudzoreredza matoro uye kuchenesa kurasika kwemaindasitiri uye kuyerera kwekurima kunosvibisa mvura.

Makemikari anodyisa zvirimwa zvinokachidza algae uye kutyisidzira hutano hwevanhu akadzikira zvakanyanya kubva 1989, kunyangwe mazinga awo achiramba akakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura muna 1950, kusati kwavakwa maindasitiri uye kukura kwemaguta ari murwizi.

Pamwe chete nerubatsiro rwekuMadokero rwakananga, nyika zhinji dzevarombo dzekare dzeSoviet-bloc dzakava nekurudziro huru yekuzvikanda mukucheneswa kwedunhu: nhengo dzeEU. Mujaho wekusangana nemamiriro ezvakatipoteredza ebloc, vakaisa mascrubbers mumiti inopiswa nemarasha, vakavaka zviteshi zvekuchenesa mvura uye nekuvhara hutsi hwanga huchidzokera kuPasi semvura ine acid.

Rakanga riri basa guru.

Imwe nzvimbo inozivikanwa seBlack Triangle panosangana Germany, Poland neCzech Republic yaizivikanwa zvakaipa. Kuwanda kwemigodhi yemarasha neindasitiri inorema zvakakanyira dunhu iri pasi pemadota eindasitiri negasi. Anenge matani mamiriyoni 80 e<em>lignite, kana kuti marasha e<em>brown, aipiswa gore negore, achidururira matani mamiriyoni matatu e<em>sulfur dioxide mumhepo izvo zvakakonzera hosha dzisingaperi dzekufema, mwero yakakwirira yekenza, uye zvinetso zvemwoyo nehosha. Mifananidzo yemasatellite yakaratidza hafu yemasango epaini mumakomo akapoteredzwa akanyangarika pakati pa3 na1972.

Nerubatsiro kubva kuEU, nyika nhatu idzi dzakagadzira mafekitori, dzakachinja kumafuta anochenesa, uye akaisa matekinoroji matsva munzvimbo iyi, akaenzana neMaryland kana Belgium. Mukati memakore gumi, kubudiswa kwesulfur dioxide kwakaderera ne91 muzana, nitrogen oxide yakaderera ne78 muzana uye zvimedu zvakasimba zvakadzika 96 muzana, maererano neUN Environment Programme.

KuDanube, kucheneswa kwacho kwakanga kusiri basa rezvakatipoteredza. Kokorodzano yeDanube yakashandura mafungiro, ichiputsa zvipingamupinyi pakati pevaimbove vavengi, ichimanikidza nyika nevagari vemurwizi kuti vashande pamwechete vachiyambuka miganhu yaimbove neutsinye.

“Danube rwizi mhenyu rwakabatanidzwa netsika nevanhu vanogara imomo,” anodaro Philip Weller, munyori mukuru wekomisheni yacho.

“Harusi rwizi rwomusango, mupfungwa yokusvetuka kwesalmon kana mvura chena,” akadaro Weller. “Ndiro ropa roupenyu, gadziriro yokutenderera ropa” inobatanidza rutivi rwakapfuma zvikurusa rweEurope kumadokero kweGermany navarombo zvikurusa muUkraine neMoldova.

Rwizi rwacho haruna kuchena, asi “mumakore 20 apfuura zvakawanda zvachinja kuti zvive nani,” akadaro Andreas Beckmann weWorld Wildlife Fund. Pashure pemakore 150 okubatwa zvisina kufanira uye kurasikirwa ne80 muzana yematoro erwizi rwacho, “Danube yanaya zvikuru.”

Nerutsigiro rwehomwe iyi, madhiki akaputswa uye akadimburwa nzizi dzakabatanidzwazve, kudzoreredza mahekita makumi mashanu (50,000 acres) kana chikamu chimwe muzvishanu chenzvimbo dzinodzoserwa, Beckmann anodaro.

Zvakadaro, rwizi rune mavanga asingagadzirike kubva panguva yeSoviet.

Romania's Iron Gate madhamu uye hydroelectric zviteshi hazvigone kubviswa, zvichivharira zvachose nzira yekutama yeanoshamisa sturgeon. Mhuka mbiri pashanu dzemasturgeon dzinobva kuDanube dzakapotsa dzatsakatika, kunyange zvazvo kuedza kuri kuita kumutsiridza masheya muDanube yezasi.

Kufambira mberi kwehupfumi kunounza kutyisidzira kwazvino: kurongedza kwakawanda, kuraswa kwakawanda, mishonga yemumba yakawanda ine phosphorous inomutsa algae inozadza rwizi.

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Sergei Rudenko, mudzidzisi wepachikoro chemabasa emawoko muDniprodzerzhynsk, ave achikanda tambo yokuredza muDnieper kwemakore 50. Iri kubva kumakomo ari pakati peRussia, rwizi rwe2,285-km (1,420-mamaira) rwakambopfuma panzvimbo iyi yekumabvazuva kweUkraine ine perch, carp uye bream.

Iye zvino goho rayo rave nenhamo, anodaro.

"Dnieper yaparadzwa," Rudenko akadaro, achikanda mutsara wake kubva pabhiriji remugwagwa, kubva pakatarisana nemhepo inovharwa neutsi kubva kune metallurgical plant. “Kuredza kwacho hakuna kufanana nekare. Baba vangu vaigara vachiuya kumba nehove dzakawanda, mabream akawanda, uye iye zvino hapana.”

Dniprodzerzhynsk, zita rinobatanidza rwizi neraFelix Dzerzhinsky, muvambi wemapurisa epachivande eBolshevik, yakambove yakakosha kuhupfumi hweSoviet zvekuti yakavharwa kune vekunze. Iine vanhu 250,000 60, ine mafekitori makumi matanhatu, mamwe achiuya pamusoro peguta ari mumhute zvachose.

Kunze kweguta minda misere yakakomberedzwa newaya ine minzwa, yakaturikwa nemakona matatu eyero achinyevera nezveradioactivity. Marara enyukireya akarasirwa muno makore mazhinji apfuura. Mapurisa akapfeka yunifomu anotenderera munzvimbo iyi, ndokumisa vatori venhau vaviri veAssociated Press kuti vabvunze kuti sei vanga varipo.

Padivi pechigadzirwa chemakemikari panorasirwa marara emuguta, uko marara anokosha makumi matatu emakumi matatu ava nzvimbo inopfungaira yakadzika mamita makumi matatu (30 feet). Mazana emarori anosvika zuva nezuva, achidonhedza marara akawanda mumupata, anochekwa nekakova kakazara tsvina.

"Kana mhepo ichibva ipapo, handigone kufema," akadaro Gregori Timoshenko, mushandi wepanzvimbo yemarara ane makore makumi manomwe nemaviri, achigutsurira kumarara matsva. Anokwenya kana abvunzwa kana kushanda munzvimbo ine tsvina yakadaro kuchikanganisa utano hwake. "Ndararama hupenyu hwangu, hapana chandicharasikirwa nacho."

Kwete kure kure, Evgen Kolishevsky weIzwi reZvisikwa, boka rezvakatipoteredza, rinotora mutori wenhau kutsoka murwi wemakomo we slag, pasi apa unomhanya rwizi rweKonoplyanka runodya muDnieper. "Iyi imarara kubva kumabhizinesi emakemikari uye yekugadzira nekupfumisa uranium," akadaro.

"Dniprodzerzhynsk nderimwe remaguta akasvibiswa zvakanyanya muEurope," akadaro, achidzungudza musoro wake.

Sezvo kutarisa kwenyika kunowedzera kutarisa nezvekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, kushanya kuUkraine chiyeuchidzo chinotyisa chekuti matambudziko ezvemamiriro ekunze ekusvibiswa kwemhepo, mvura yakasviba uye tsvina isina kucheneswa zvichiri kukanganisa zvakanyanya.

Nzvimbo yeUkraine steppe, yaimbova injini yeindasitiri yehumambo hweSoviet, inoratidza mamiriro ekunze enzvimbo dzekugadzira: fenzi yepikicha yezviputi uye mirwi mikuru yeslag inotaridzika sezvikomo zvakati sandara zvemakomo ari kure.

Pakupera kwerwendo rwayo, Dnieper inopinda muchikamu chega cheGungwa Dzvuku chinotambura ne "anthropogenic hypoxia," kushaikwa kweokisijeni kusingaperi kunokonzerwa nekusvibiswa kwevanhu kunokanganisa 50,000 square kilometres (20,000 square miles) yemvura - hove dzinodzipa. uye upenyu hwezvirimwa.

Irina Schevchenko, mutori wenhau uye mutungamiriri wesangano rekuzvidira reko Vita, anomira pazasi pegomo rimwe remakemikari madota, akareba kupfuura chero chivako chiri kumabvazuva kweguta reGorlovka. Mumakore ekuma1970, chirimwa chehurumende chemakemikari chakatanga kurasira tsvina yacho kumucheto kwenzvimbo inochengeterwa mhuka. Iye zvino, zvigutsa zvemiti zvakatsva uye dhaka resimbi-grey rinoparadzanisa marara kubva musango.

Muzhizha, utsi hunobva mumakemikari evaporation hunokwira kubva mugomo, akadaro Schevchenko. “Mhepo inouendesa kuminda, kudzimba dzevanhu. Kana mvura ichinaya ... inopinda muhova idzi uye inopinda mumhepo dzepasi pevhu. Somugumisiro, kuwanda kwekemikoro muvhu uye mumhepo yeGorlovka kwakapetwa nekaviri pane zvakajairika.”

Victor Lyapin, mukuru mukuru wezvoutano womunzvimbomo, anobvuma migumisiro inokuvadza.

"Chikanganiso chekutanga cheSoviet Union," akadaro, "kuisa mafekitori nevanhu pafudzi."