naMati, DND
Pakistan yakakatyamadza nyika yese nekukunda muhondo yakakura yekurwisa hugandanga munguva shoma yaikwanisika uye pasina rubatsiro rwekunze, nekuti nyika yese yakamira pamwe uye basa remauto rinotungamirwa nePakistan Army rakatora zvinyorwa zveHurumende pakona dzese dzenyika kusanganisira aimbove Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA) uye akabudirira kushandura iyi nharaunda inonetsa kuva nyika yemukana inopa runako runoshamisa, nharaunda inogamuchira vaenzi, uye yakanakisa nzira yemigwagwa. Nzvimbo dzekare dzeFATA dzave kugwinha neindasitiri yekushanya yekumba uye mipata yenyika ino irikugamuchira zviuru nezviuru zvevashanyi vanobva kunzvimbo dzese dze Pakisitani uye kunyange kubva kunze kwenyika.
Zvinoenderana ne data rakaunganidzwa na DND Nhau Agency, mubazi rezvekushanya, mipata yeyaimbova FATA yave kuita sarudzo dzakakosha kune vashanyi vega, vanodzosera kumashure, uye vashanyi vega vevashanyi.
The Land
Hunhu hwake, sehembe dzake, anoyevedza uye anoyevedza. Anoda kurwa asi anovenga kuva musoja. Anoda mimhanzi asi anozvidza muimbi. Iye ane mutsa uye munyoro asi anovenga kuzviratidza. Ane zvisinganzwisisike misimboti uye akasarudzika fungidziro. Ane ropa rinopisa, ane musoro unopisa, murombo uye anodada, ”- Khan Abdul Ghani Khan, Anonzi Pasita Mudetembi uye muzivi (1914 - 1996)
“Dzinza rinorwa nedzinza. Ruoko rwemunhu wese rwunopikisana neumwe uye rwese rwunopesana nemutorwa… mamiriro ekuramba achingoitika akaburitsa tsika yepfungwa inoita kuti hupenyu husashome uye hunotanga hondo nehunhu husina hanya. ” - Winston Churchill, "Iyo Nyaya yeMalakand Field Force" (1897)
Inowanikwa kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kwePakistan, panguva iyoyo FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Area) - yava kusanganiswa nedunhu reKhyber Pakhtunkhwa - inzvimbo ine makomo iri pamuganhu neAfghanistan. Nhoroondo, FATA pamwe nekumabvazuva kweAfghanistan yakaramba iri nzvimbo yekurwisana uye nzvimbo yemutambo mukuru pakati pemasimba makuru kubva kuna Alexander Mukuru kusvika kuvapambi vanobva kuCentral Asia. Yakaramba iri Achilles chitsitsinho chevarwi vese.
Munguva dzemazuva ano, nzvimbo ino yakaita chinzvimbo chikuru mukuumba simba repasirese nedunhu; kubva kuRussia - mukwikwidzi weBritish muzana ramakore rechi19, kuenda kuSoviet kutora Afghanistan mu80s, kusvika nhasi uno apo US pamwe nevatambi vematunhu vari kutsvaga runyararo muAfghanistan, FATA yave chinongedzo chekutamba kwemasimba epasi rose.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura mushure mekubviswa kwemauto ekare eSoviet kubva kuAfghanistan (apo FATA yakava danho rekurwisa muAfghanistan), FATA neAfghanistan dzakasiiwa dzisingabatike uye nharaunda dzakasununguka.
Kuberekwa kweTaliban, uko kwakazadza simba rekudzivirira simba muAfghanistan mukutanga kwema90s, uye kusimuka kwavo pasimba, vakaona FATA ichiva dendere remahoni ehembe dzeJihadi senge Al Qaeda neTaliban. Zvisinei nekuedza kwakaitwa nePakistan kugadzirisa gakava muAfghanistan, FATA yakaramba iri nzvimbo yekufambisa yemapoka eJihadi kwavakamisikidza hurumende ye de-facto.
Nei Afghanistan yakakosha kwazvo kuPakistan? Iine vangangoita mamirioni mashanu evapoteri veAfghan muPakistan panguva yehutongi hweSoviet kusvika pamamirioni 5 pari zvino, yakawedzera mazita evapoteri munyika. Pakistan yakasara uye ndiyo inonyanya kupa chikafu chakakosha chikafu uye zvekushandisa zveAfghanistan. Iyo Afghan transit bhizimusi ndiyo yega sarudzo inoshanda inowanika kuAfghanistan; Karachi inoshanda senzira huru yekutengeserana nekutengeserana.
Pakistan yakapinda muhondo yepasirese yehugandanga muchikamu che9 / 11 mamiriro uye ikava nzvimbo yehondo yeimwe yehondo dzakaipisisa uye dzakarebesa munhoroondo. Ipo Pakistan yakava nyika yepamberi muhondo iyi uye ikabatsira nharaunda yepasi rose kudzora mafungu ekutyisa mudunhu iri, akazviwana apinda muhondo yemasanganiswa ine muvengi asina tariro uye ane runyararo akatsigirwa nemasangano ane utsinye nema surrogates avo muPakistan.
Kunyangwe iyo yese yePakistan (kusanganisira makuru emadhorobha nzvimbo) yakakuvara zvakanyanya nekurwadziswa kwekutyisa, panguva imwe chete FATA yakava iyo yekupedzisira nzvimbo yekurwira kumanikidza vanhu vazhinji kutama kwekunze, kukuvara mune varume uye zvinhu, uye kugadzira kushungurudzika kune kwakabatana psyche yechizvarwa chose. Zvichakadaro, hondo yeruzivo yemhando yepamusoro yakatangwa nevavengi vePakistan, kunyanya India, nechinangwa chekusisa tariro uye kushupika muvanhu vePakistan.
Pakistan yakamira yakasimba uye kuburikidza ne epiki saga yezvibayiro uye kusimba (uko vanhu vakamira vakabatana nemauto nemaLeAs) ndokutanga kudzosera kumashure denda rekutyisa, zvidhinha nezvidhinha.
FATA, saga yechibairo chakanyorwa muropa rakachena
Kuburikidza nenzvimbo ine hunyengeri yakazara nemagandanga ekutyisa uye dandemutande rehondo asymmetric, FATA yakave nedenho inoshamisa. Inoganhura Afghanistan kuyambuka muganhu unopinza nemadzinza akapatsanurwa anogara mumuganhu wePak-Afghan, uye kunyange misha nedzimba dzakakamurwa neDurand Line. Zvinetso zvikuru zvekushanda muFATA zvaisanganisira:
- Kufambisa mashandiro pakati pePak Army nemubatanidzwa unotungamirwa neUS uko magandanga aizoverevedza kubva kune rimwe divi kuenda kune rimwe.
- manejimendi ekushungurudzika uye kukanganisa kwepfungwa kwekurohwa kwedrone, kukuvara kwechibvumirano nekuda kwekushandiswa kwezvombo zvinorema (zvombo zvehondo uye simba remhepo), uye zvichiri kugonesa vanhu veFATA, KP, nevese vePakistan kuti mashandiro aya aive akanaka yevanhu vakakuvadzwa.
- Kubata nemasangano ane hukasha senge RAW, avo vaida kuita kuti Durand Line irambe yakanaka uye vachishandisa ma proxies avo muAfghanistan, Balochistan, nemadhorobha ePakistan kuremadza maEMA.
- Kuchengeta mitsara yekutaurirana yakavhurika muBalochistan neFATA kuitira kubatsira mauto eUS / NATO mukusimudzira hondo muAfghanistan.
- manejimendi ekushomeka kwemukati nekugara kwevanhu munzvimbo dzakakanganiswa munzvimbo dzekugara kwenguva pfupi, kusanganisira kutarisira zvavanoda munharaunda (hutano, hupfumi, dzidzo, uye kugara zvakanaka).
- Kuita mashandiro emauto munzvimbo ine hunyengeri uye ine hunyengeri.
- Kuchengetedza mauto kubva kumiganhu yekumabvazuva (neIndia ichiedza kugadzira maviri-kumberi mamiriro), kusimudzira mamwe masimba, kugadzirisa hurongwa hwakazara hwekudzidzisa kubva kune yakasarudzika kuenda kune isiri-yechinyakare maitiro, kuvaka kugona kwechipiri mutsara mauto nemaLeAs, uye kuitisa mashandiro kujekesa yega yega agency, imwe neumwe.
- Kugadzira nzira dzesangano senge NACTA, nezvimwewo, kuburikidza nekusimbiswa kweParamende nekugadzira mitemo mitsva.
- Kuchinja nzanga inochengetedza pamwe nemaonero echitendero kukurudzira veruzhinji kuti hondo iyi yanga isiri yeumwe munhu asi kupona kwePakistan.
Zviito zvakatorwa nemauto nehurumende nerutsigiro rwevanhu
Panguva iyo nyika nedunhu rePakistan zvavakapindana nematambudziko ataurwa pamusoro (2003-2014), Pakistan yakanga yatambura nemabhiriyoni emadhora ekurasikirwa muhupfumi pamwe nekukuvara kukuru. Dambudziko reAPS muna 2014 rakava Pearl Harbor yePakistan - kurwiswa kunotyisa kwevana vasina mhosva nevadzidzisi uye zviono zvemakirasi akanyoroveswa neropa zvakazunguza nyika yese. Wepamusoro wezvematongerwo enyika hutungamiriri hwemauto hwakagumisa kuti zvakaringana, uye Pakistan yaifanirwa kuenda kunorwisa vanotsigira magandanga nevanozvitorera.
Mauto nemaLeAs, nerubatsiro rwevanhu vePakistan, vakatanga chirongwa Zarb-e-Azb. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, mashandiro makuru akaita saRah-e-Haq, Rah-e-Raast, Rah-e-Nijjat, naKhyber, nezvimwewo, anga atangwa kubvisa network dzemagandanga kubva kumasangano maviri makuru - Maodzanyemba neSouth Waziristan.
Pakazosvika nguva yekushanda Radd-ul-Fassad (kubatanidza oparesheni kubvisa zvisaririra zvekupedzisira zvehugandanga kubva muPakistan yese) kwakatangwa mu2017 pasi pehutungamiriri hweCoas General Qamar Bajwa, Pakistan yakanga yatambura nenjodzi dzinotevera semutengo mukuru wekukunda ugandanga. :
Vakashata Vevanhu - 50,000 kuwedzera
(asina kukuvara)
LEAs nemauto - 5,900 XNUMX
Kurasikirwa kwehupfumi - Anopfuura mazana maviri emabhiriyoni emadhora (kusanganisira zana nemakumi matatu emamirioni mumitengo yakananga uye makumi masere emamirioni mu-akananga mitengo)
Kudzorera:
Zvombo - mabhiriyoni 19.7 emabara
Arms Diki - 191,498
MaEDI - 13,480
Zvombo Zvinorema - 8,915 XNUMX
Zvinoputika - matani 3,142
Kunyange Pakistan yakarasikirwa zvakanyanya nevarume uye nezvinhu, zviuru zvemagandanga zvakaurayiwa kana kutorwa, mamirioni emadhora emari yekunze akawanikwa, uye bhizinesi ravo rekugadzira IED nemafekitori zvakabviswa. Necheji yemuganhu wePak-Afghan, kufamba-pamuganhu kufamba kwemagandanga, zvinodhaka, uye vanobiridzira zvisiri pamutemo zvakadzikira kusvika kungangoita 5% yezvakanga zvichiitika kare. Mari inofungidzirwa kumagandanga ndeiyi:
Vakaurayiwa - 15,000 pamwe
Vakabatwa - 5,000 pamwe
Pakazara, kuronga kwakarongedzwa pamwe nemuganhu wePak-Afghan mumakiromita 2,611 kunofanirwa kupedzwa mukupera kwegore ra2020. Kusvika parizvino, makiromita mazana matanhatu nemakumi matatu nematatu emadziro pamuganhu, kusanganisira makiromita mazana mana nemakumi mana nematanhatu muKP uye makiromita 643 muBalochistan. Hwerengedzo dzezvikamu mazana masere nemakumi masere nematatu zvemiganhu zvakarongwa, kubva pane izvo makumi maviri nematatu zvakapedzwa, apo kuvakwa kwemakumi mana nemapfumbamwe kuri kuenderera. Nekuda kwekuvandudzika kwenzvimbo yekuchengetedza, huwandu hwemasheke kumatunhu ekumashure wakadzikiswa nepamusoro pe462% muna181-843 zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwekutengeserana nekushanya zviitiko.
Anopfuura makiromita mazana masere emigwagwa akavakwa mumatunhu emadzinza sechikamu chekutaurirana, zvichideredza nguva yekufamba kusvika kune chetatu. Iwo mapurojekiti makumi mana ane makumi mana nematatu akatangwa achibatsira vanhu mamiriyoni matatu kusanganisira: Pine Nut Processing Plant, Wana Agri Park, Wana Dzidzo Center, uye matatu anoshanda maCadet Makoreji. Mipiro mikuru zvakare inosanganisira APS Parachinar, Cadet College Wana, uye Government College yeTekinoroji, Khar (Bajaur), nepo huwandu hwezvirongwa zvehutano makumi mana nemaviri zvakatangwa kusanganisira zvipatara zvishanu zvikuru zvakagadzira 800 Mabasa, zvichibatsira vanhu miriyoni nemazana matatu.
Kukunda mwoyo nepfungwa
Sechikamu chehurongwa hwemauto uye kunyanya mushure mekurwiswa kweAPS, chirongwa chakakura chakatangwa kuti chikunde mwoyo nepfungwa dzevanhu. Izvi zvaisanganisira:
-Kugadzirisazve kwevanhu vakatamiswa kudzokera kunzvimbo dzakacheneswa. Kunze kwevanhu 3.68 miriyoni vakatiza misha, 95% vakagadzirwazve.
- Kugadziridza kwezvivakwa zvinosanganisira netiweki dzekutaurirana (migwagwa, mabhiriji, telecom, nezvimwewo).
- Kuvakazve kwemataundi nemisha yakabatwa inosanganisira dzimba nemisika.
- Kuvaka hwese hwehukama hwehurongwa hunosanganisira zvikoro, macadet makoji, zvipatara, zvipatara, zvirongwa zvekupa mvura, nzvimbo dzekugara zvakanaka, uye mamoski.
- Mushandirapamwe wekutungamira wekutarisa kushungurudzika kwakatambudzwa nevanhu vakasiya misha, kunyanya avo vakarasikirwa nevadiwa vavo. Izvi zvakare zvaisanganisira yekuparadzira-yekuparadzira mushandirapamwe yekuramba rondedzero yenyonganiso jenareta uye vekutenda vemasikati.
- Kuti vawedzere varombo vakasuwa avo vaida kudzoka kuhupenyu hwakajairika, yakazara network yemagandanga ekugadzirisa uye kupikisa radicalization nzvimbo, dzinoshandirwa nevakuru vezvepfungwa nevanamati vezvitendero, yakagadzwa munzvimbo dzakakanganiswa nemhedzisiro yakanaka.
Runyararo uye zvakajairika muFATA
Huru Pashtun huchenjeri hwakatekeshera sezvo vanhu vakaramba zvidzitiro zvakatemerwa zvemadzinza zvakatsigirwa kubva kunze kwenyika uye vari kuratidza kutsunga kumira neHurumende panzira yerunyararo, budiriro, uye tariro. Nenyasha dzaAllah Wemasimbaose uye kurwa kwakaomarara nePak Army / LEAs inotsigirwa nevanhu vakashinga, FATA yadzokera kune zvakajairika uye yave kuita hunyanzvi hwehupfumi pamwe nekushanya. FATA yakaonawo zviitiko zvemitambo zvichitanga kubudirira, uye vanhu vakashinga vari kubatsira kumitambo padanho repasirese nepasi rose.
Mapurojekiti ekuvandudza mune zvedzidzo, hutano, uye magariro zviitiko zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:
- 336 zvikoro zvakadzorerwa nekuvakwa
- 2,500 vadzidzi vari kuita dzidzo mumacadet makoji
- 37 zvipatara zvakavakwa
- 70 mahabhu emabhizimusi matsva nezvitoro zviuru zvitatu
- Yekutanga agri paki yePakistan pa Wana
Kubatanidzwa kweFATA sechikamu cheKP (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
Mhedzisiro hombe yeiyi refu hondo kwave kuri kutungamira kweFATA mune zvematongerwo enyika. Sarudzo yekutora nguva nehutungamiriri hwezvematongerwo enyika-hwemauto hwakagadzira nzira yekubatanidzwa kweFATA muKP, uye kunyangwe nekuramba kubva kuvaparadzi, zvave kuita sekuronga:
- Masangano eFATA ave maruwa akajairwa, uye zvinyorwa zveHurumende nenzira yekutonga neyemutemo kudzora. Prime Minister Imran Khan uye COAS General Bajwa vakataura kakawanda kutsunga kwavo kuvandudza iyo yaimbova FATA. Mauto akapa mugove wawo wemabhiriyoni zana emadhora ekuvandudza mabasa muFATA yekare neBalochistan.
- Mune danho risati ramboitika, Hurumende yeKP pamwe nekubatana kweCentre, yakapa 162 mabhiriyoni emadhora kumatunhu akabatanidzwa mubhajeti ra2019-20 nemari yekusimudzira inosvika mabhiriyoni zana. Rs 100 mabhiriyoni akaiswa muzvirongwa zvinomwe pasi pekambani yeTribal Areas Electric Supply Company (TESCO), mabhiriyoni mana emagetsi nesimba pachirongwa cheChapari Charkhel hydropower mudunhu redunhu reKurram, RS 5 bhiriyoni yekuparura seRescue 7 sevhisi. mumatunhu ekumuganhu, uye kuvandudzwa kwemaindasitiri mugore razvino. Anopfuura mabhiriyoni mabhiriyoni akachengeterwa Insaf Rozgar Scheme mudunhu iri.
- Hurumende yakawedzerawo Sehat Insaf Card (Rs 750,000 pamhuri) kumhuri dzese dzeFATA. Netiweki yemigwagwa, kutarisa madhamu kunzvenga mafashama, kusimudzira kwekushanya, kumisikidzwa kwenzvimbo diki dzeindasitiri (Bajaur neMahmand Dunhu), nzvimbo dzekudzidzisa mumatunhu ese kusanganisira koreji yezvokurapa muKurram, nzvimbo dzemitambo, uye kupisa kwezuva kwemasikiti nematsime epombi zvichaita. kupararira mumatunhu akabatanidzwa.
- FATA matunhu ari kuenda kunovandudza pane yakanaka trajectory yehutano uye kusimudzira. Kunyangwe paine kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika sePTM, FATA yakayambuka iyo Rubicon yekusingaperi kusagadzikana nematambudziko uye ichave chiratidzo chebudiriro muhondo refu kwazvo yakatarisana nePakistan.
- Masimba edare reSupreme Court nePeshawar High Court akatopihwa kune vekare-Fata asi achiumba danho rekutonga rinodhura maR. 14 bhiriyoni iri kutora nguva. Hurumende ine chinangwa chekupedzisa makamuri ematare kupera kwegore razvino. Masisitimu emapurisa akatove akaunzwa munzvimbo dzemadzinza izvo zviri kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma. Kubatana kwacho kwaisazobatsira chete vanhu veFATA asi kwaizosimbisawo nyika.
- Kubatanidzwa kwazvino ndiko kukura kukuru munhoroondo yePakistan. Kune mikana mikuru yakamirira vanhu venguva FATA. Sekureva kweGurukota Gurukota, mabasa emapazi ehurumende eKP akaendeswa kumatunhu emadzinza, uye mamwe matanho ari kutorwa kupedzisa kubatanidzwa.
- Gavhuna Shah Farman akataura kuti basa rekubatanidza pakutanga raifanirwa kutora makore mashanu rakaitwa mumwedzi mishanu chete. Hurumende inotarisira kuita sarudzo dzematare emunharaunda nguva pfupi pasarudzo dzematunhu. Zvakaoma zviri pachena sezvo iyo yekare FATA yakaitwa pasi pemitemo yakasarudzika uye iyo Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR) ye5 makore akareba uye kujairira iyo sisitimu nyowani zvinotora nguva.
Sarudzo muFATA, chipupuriro pakusimba kwevanhu vePakistan
Vanhu vave kuda kushandisa mavhoti avo kusarudza chaiko nhengo gumi nenhatu kuti dzivamiririre musangano reKPK. Dunhu iri zvakare richava nevane vakadzi-vakasarudzwa zvisina kunangana uye 16 nhengo diki mumusangano weKPK. Nyika yaratidza kutsunga kushandisa mari inodarika mabhiriyoni zana rupees pagore kwemakore anotevera gumi muFATA yakare nechinangwa chekuunza nzvimbo iyi nevanhu vayo pamwe nepakistan, nekudaro ichivapa kodzero dzese dzinofarirwa nevamwe vagari. yenyika. Mapato ese akaisa mazana evanokwikwidza uye mazuva ano, matunhu eFATA ari kubatikana nemabasa ezvematongerwo enyika, misangano, uye mushandirapamwe wesarudzo.
Ramangwana
Kubudirira kwePakistan muhondo iyi refu uye yakaoma (kubvira 2002) yakauya nekugadzirisa hutungamiriri hwezvematongerwo enyika-hwemauto, kuteedzera zvinangwa zvemitemo, kuzvipira nemauto, maLeAs, nevanhu vePakistan (kunyanya avo vanobva kune yaimbova FATA neKP), pamwe nenyaya yekuti maPakistani inyika yakashinga. Kukunda kwePakistan Mauto uye maEMA kwakazivikanwa seimwe yenyaya huru dzekubudirira dzezana ramakumi maviri nemasere ehondo yemasanganiswa. Hazvishamise kuti kudiwa kwePakistan Army kudzidzisa mamwe mauto kwawedzera, uye Pakistan iri kutamba chinzvimbo chemudzidzisi mu Middle East, Africa, uye South Central Asia. Pakistan inogona kumupa hunyanzvi uye masevhisi kunharaunda yepasirese nzira yekubata, kudzidzisa, uye kuitisa hondo yekuzvidzivirira pahondo yakasanganiswa.
Pakistan yakatarisana nenguva dzakawandisa dzemakumi maviri emakore apfuura. Mushure mekutarisana nemhosva yemutambo kwenguva yose, nyika yose iri kubvuma nekuonga basa rePakistan netariro yerunyararo muAfghanistan. Hutungamiri hwese hwenyika, kubva kuUS kuenda kuRussia uye kubva kuArab nyika kuenda kuChina, vane shungu yekumira padivi pePakistan. Pakistan yakabudirira kurerutsa proxies yakatangwa nevavengi vayo izvozvi vanomira vari voga uye vanoshamisika.
Runyararo muAfghanistan ruchazarura yakasarudzika mikana kune vanhu venguva yakapfuura FATA. Izvo zvakakosha kuti hurumende irambe yakanangana nekupihwa kwemasevhisi uye kuti nyika imire padivi nevanhu vakatorerwa vekare vaFATA. Saizvozvowo, zvinotarisirwa kubva kunaPastun mukuru uye huchenjeri hwedzinza kuti usarega uyu mukana wakakura uchipambadzwa mumatemu asina kudzika uye asina maturo eruvengo, kupesana, uye dzinza rakamanikana. Ngatitorei isu tese tibate mukana pamwe chete kuti tifambe munzira inoenda kurunyararo, budiriro, uye tariro nekubatana uye pamwe chete huchenjeri.
