Chinhu chekutanga chinocherechedzwa nevashanyi vakawanda kuJakarta ndiyo traffic. Jakarta inoverengerwa seguta rechi12 rakaipisisa pasi rose. Rwendo rwemakiromita makumi maviri neshanu kubva kuSoekarno-Hatta International Airport kusvika pakati peguta runofanira kutora maminetsi angangoita makumi mana nemashanu asi rinogona kuita maawa akawanda mukushivirira. Kufamba kuenda kumaguta ari kunze seTangerang kana Bekasi, kunogara vazhinji vevashandi vemuhofisi yeJakarta, zvinogara zvichitora maawa maviri kusvika matatu. Hazvishamisi kuti Indonesia inoverengerwa pakati penyika dzakaipisisa pasi rose patraffic. Chidzidzo che25 chakanzi Jakarta ndiro guta rine vanhu vakawanda pasi rose. Uye muna 45 TomTom Traffic Index Jakarta yakapinda munzvimbo yechitatu yakaipisisa, yakarohwa chete neMexico City neBangkok. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti 2015 muzana yekusvibiswa kwemhepo yeguta kunobva mupombi yemotokari, nepo kurasikirwa kwehupfumi nekumisikidzwa kwemotokari kwakaiswa paA$2017 bhiriyoni pagore.
Jakarta iguta rakakura revanhu vanosvika miriyoni gumi (nenzvimbo huru yeguta iri kuswededza pedyo ne10 miriyoni). Asi zvisinei nehukuru hwayo uye kuwanda kwehuwandu hwevanhu, haina hurongwa hwekufambiswa kwevanhu vakawanda. Mutsara wekutanga weguta reMRT, unobatanidza Lebak Bulus neHotera Indonesia Roundabout uchiri kuvakwa - makumi matatu emakore mushure mekudzidza kwekutanga kuitika. Sekureva kweMRT Jakarta, iri kuvaka uye ichashandisa sisitimu iyi, inotarisirwa kutanga kutengeserana muna Kurume 30, kana pasina kunonoka.
Parizvino, zvifambiso zveveruzhinji zveguta zvinonyanya kushandirwa neTransjakarta bus system. Mabhazi aya ane nzira dzawo dzakatsaurirwa, vanokwira pazviteshi zvepamusoro uye mari dzekufambisa dzinopihwa rubatsiro. Zvikepe ndezvechimanjemanje uye zvakachengetwa zvakanaka uye kufukidzwa kwakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma mumakore gumi nematatu apfuura zvekuti zvave kushanda mazhinji eJakarta, iine huwandu hwemafeeder masevhisi anobatana nemasabhubhu. Kuedza uku kwakaburitsa mhedzisiro yakanaka muna 13, sezvo vatasvi vakakwira kusvika parekodhi 2016 miriyoni vafambi vanosvika zviuru mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu pazuva.
Zvakadaro, kunyangwe kuvepo kweiyi yakajairika uye yakanyatso shandiswa nemabhazi anofamba-famba eguta, Jakarta inoramba yakatsvikinyidzana nekufamba kwenguva. Kunyangwe yakanyatsogadzirwa hurongwa hwekufambisa neveruzhinji hunobatsira kudzikamisa yakaipisisa gridlock, pakashaikwa kwekuwedzera kwemitemo yekuedza kugadzirisa mashandiro ayo, pane zvakanakisa, ingori mhinduro.
Mhinduro dzinowanzova dzisina kukwana
Zviwanikwa zvakakura zvakaiswa mukuvandudza mamiriro etraffic, asi kumwe kukanganisa mukugadzirisa marongero kwakanganisa maitiro avo. Iyo Transjakarta yekukurumidza kufambisa bhazi system muenzaniso wakanaka weizvi. Kungopa chete sevhisi hakuna kukwana kugadzirisa dambudziko remotokari reguta. Varidzi vemotokari vanofanirwa kuodzwa moyo pakutyaira, uye kupihwa kurudziro yekushandisa zvifambiso zveveruzhinji. Mune mamwe mazwi, zvifambiso zvevoruzhinji zvinoda kuwonekwa seyakachengeteka, yakachena uye inoshanda sarudzo yekufamba-famba muguta.
Chirongwa chekurudziro chakadaro hachina kugadzirwa zvakanyanya saka avo vanogona kuchibhadhara vachiri kuda kutyaira mota dzavo. Kuti kuwedzere kubatsirikana kwekufambiswa kweveruzhinji, matanho akasimba ekurwisa mota angazodiwa semutero wakakwira wakakwana pamotokari dzakazvimirira, kana chidimbu chakaomarara pahuwandu hwemotokari dzinobvumidzwa kupinda munzira dzakabatikana. Hurumende inogona zvakare kuwedzera kudyidzana nevashandirwi vakazvimirira, ichivapa mari yekuvakurudzira kuti vadzore maawa ekushanda, kutamisa vashandi kana kupa mabasa emotokari. Vashandi vanogona kukweverwa kuti vashandise mafambiro eruzhinji kuburikidza nehurongwa hwebhonasi hwepamwedzi, semuenzaniso. Mitemo yakadai, kana ikagadzirwa pamwero wakakura uye ichitsigirwa nerutsigiro rwezvematongerwo enyika, haingofuriri vanhu kuti vatakure zvifambiso zvevoruzhinji asi zvakare kuvarambidza kutyaira mota, zvichideredza zvakanyanya kutsvikinyidzana mumigwagwa yeJakarta.
Maitiro emazuva ano akanyanya ad-hoc muzvarirwo uye haana humbowo hwakakwana, hwenguva refu. Mitemo inenge yaitwa inenge iine nyaya dzepatchwork, dzakagadzirwa maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwo enyika kana nyaya dzemazuva ano, uye dzinowanzo kurumidza kuchinjwa kana kungomanikidzirwa. Kuvaka bhazi rinoshanda - kana imwe nzira yekufambisa yakawanda - system inongova hafu yemhinduro. Dzimwe nhamburiko dzemitemo, dzine chinangwa chekubvisa mota mumugwagwa uye kufurira vafambi kushandisa idzo sarudzo dzeveruzhinji, dzakakosha zvakaenzana kana kugadzirisa kuzara kweJakarta kuchizoshanda uye kusimba.
A reactionary approach
Nyaya iyi iri kuwedzerwa nenyaya yekuti kana hurumende ikaburitsa mitemo, kazhinji kacho kanenge kachipokana, kanogara kwenguva pfupi kana kutevedzerwa zvakanaka. Mumakore mashoma apfuura, vakuru vakuru vakaedza akati wandei maitirwo emitemo kuti traffic idzore muJakarta. Humwe hurongwa hwaisanganisira hurongwa hwekutakura vatyairi hwaida kuti vatyairi vave nevanosvika vatatu kuti vapinde mumigwagwa mikuru. Vanhu vekuIndonesia vanofara vakatora mukana wechirongwa ichi nekupa masevhisi avo sevafambi vanorenda kuvatyairi vega. Gwaro iri rakangoerekana ravharwa muna Kubvumbi 2016 mukufamba uko maererano neongororo yeMIT yakaita kuti traffic itonyanya kuipa. Kutevedzwa kwemitemo iyi, kunyangwe ichishanda, inyaya zvakare. Mota dzinowanzo onekwa dzichishandisa nzira dzemabhazi dzakatsaurirwa dzeTransjakarta, uye mapurisa haawirirane nekuisa nzvimbo dzekutarisa kubata vanotyora mutemo.
Zvimwe zvinotonyanya kukuvadza pakugadzira zvigadziriso zvenguva refu ndezvekuti vakuru vakuru vanowanzoita sevanotungamirwa nemhinduro dzemhinduro dzinoburitswa nenzira isina tsarukano kana kuti patchwork yekupindura kuchema kwevanhu kana mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika kwenguva pfupi. Kugadzira mitemo yakadai kunowanzoita kusafungwa zvakanaka uye kunochinja nguva nenguva, zvichiita kuti zviome kugadzira nzira inopindirana, yakazara inodiwa kugadzirisa zviri kunetsa. Muna 2015, semuenzaniso, Gurukota rezvekutakurwa, Ignasius Jonan, akapa kurambidzwa kusingawirirani kwevanofamba-famba seGo-Jek, pamwe nekumanikidzwa kubva kumakambani ematekisi achinetsekana nekurasikirwa nemusika. Mukati memazuva murairidzo uyu waive wadzorwa pasina tsananguro.
Kunyatso gadzirisa kukanganiswa kwezvikwiriso zvekushandisa, zvine nharo chimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvekurerutsa kuwangana kwemotokari kana zvikanyatsogadziriswa, inoramba iri nyaya inopisa-bhatani muJakarta. Gore rakapera, midhudhudhu yakarambidzwa kushandisa nzira huru seJalan Thamrin pakati pe6am na11pm. Iri gwara raive basa reaimbova gavhuna weJakarta, Basuki Tjahaja Purnama. Apo Anies Baswedan akatora hutongi mukupera kwegore, chimwe chezvaakatanga kuita chaiva chekudaidzira kuti kurambidzwa kudzoserwe uye, pakukurudzira kwake, Dare Repamusorosoro rakazviita nguva pfupi yapfuura. Rudzi urwu rwekuita sarudzo whiplash chimhingamupinyi pakugadzira inowirirana uye inoshanda marongero.
Kuratidzira kwemumugwagwa vachipikisa kurambidzwa kwebecak, Zvita 2008. Kwakabva: Cak-cak, Flickr Creative Commons
Muna Ndira 2018, Anies akazivisawo hurongwa hwekudzosa vatyairi vebecak mumigwagwa yeJakarta nekudzoreredza mutemo wa2007 unovarambidza. Zvinowanzobvumiranwa kuti bhasikoro rinofamba zvishoma nezvishoma-ane simba pedicabs rinowedzera mamiriro emigwagwa muJakarta asi Anies akaruramisa kubvisa kurambidzwa nemafungiro asina mubvunzo kuti zvichabatsira mabhizimisi maduku nepakati. Mumwe anogonawo kugumisa kuti chinangwa chaicho ndechekusimbisa magwaro ake semutsigiri wepopulist wemapoka epasi asina mari. Iyo optics, mune iyi kesi, inogona kuve yakakosha pane kugadzira yakanaka mutemo.
Kunyangwe kuchema-chema kweveruzhinji pamusoro peiyi pfungwa, Mohamad Taufik, mutevedzeri wemutauriri wedare reparamende reJakarta, akazivisa muna Kukadzi kuti akaronga kufambisa mutemo uyu mberi, kutanga kuNorth Jakarta. Nhamburiko dzekuvandudza mutemo wa2007 dziri kufambawo asi kusvika pari zvino, uchiri mumabhuku - zvichireva kuti hurumende inoronga kuita gwara iri kunyangwe zvisiri pamutemo. Izvi zvakurudzira mapoka akasiyana-siyana kuti avimbise kuti achaendesa nyaya iyi kuDare Repamusorosoro, kana zvakakodzera, achiva nechokwadi chokuti kuedza uku hakuzobatsiri dambudziko remotokari muguta munguva pfupi iri kutevera.
Nepo mafambiro evatyairi vebecak asiri iwo uye pachawo akakosha zvakanyanya, zvinoratidza chokwadi chekuti kana mutemo waitwa nenzira yakadai, zvichisundwa nehunyanzvi hwezvematongerwo enyika kana kudiwa kwekuisa imwe dunhu kana kufarira kwakakosha, haikwanise kugadzirisa matambudziko akaomarara ane zvikonzero zvakadzika, senge perpetual gridlock. Kana mitemo ikashanduka pakuda, zvinonetsa kuongorora kushanda kwayo, uye izvi zvinotadzisa zviremera kuita sarudzo ine ruzivo pamusoro pemitemo iri kushanda zvakanyanya.
Chikonzero chekuva netariro?
Panewo zvimwe zvakabudirira. Mumwe muenzaniso isystem iri pamatsinga makuru emumigwagwa inoganhurira kuwana mota dzine odd uye even number plates pamazuva anochinjana. Munguva yekuedzwa kwemwedzi mumwechete muna Nyamavhuvhu we2017 avhareji yekumhanya kwemotokari munzira dzakanangwa yakawedzera ne20 muzana, mabhazi eTransjakarta akaona kuwedzera kwe32.6 muzana yevatasvi vari munzira yepakati uye nguva yekufambisa pakati pezviteshi yakaderedzwa neinenge 3 nehafu. maminitsi. Mushure mekubudirira kwekuyedzwa kwakanangwa uku, hurongwa hwakaitwa zvachose. Kutyorwa kwakadzikira nekufamba kwenguva kuburikidza nekuteedzera kusingachinji, uye mutemo wakabva wawedzerwa kumabvazuva nekumaodzanyemba kweJakarta. Mitemo yakafanana (apo miedzo yakanangwa inoratidza humbowo hwepfungwa isati yasimudzwa), kana yakagadziridzwa pamwe chete nekuwedzera kwekudyara muzvivakwa zvinofambiswa neveruzhinji uye ichitevedzwa nguva dzose pamwero mukuru, inogona kunge iine mhando yemhando yekukanganisa mamiriro etraffic iyo mutemo. -vagadziri vanga vachitsvaga.
Panewo zvimwe zvinoratidza kuti sezvo hurumende inokoshesa kutevedza mutero, izvi zvinogona kupa mukana wekudzikisa huwandu hwemotokari mumugwagwa nekuita kuti idhure zvakanyanya kutenga nekushandisa mota yako. Kwave nekutaura kwenguva refu nezvekukwidza mitero yemotokari, asi zvinoita sekunge izvi zvave kutarisisa zvakanyanya. Pakupera kwa2017 vakuru vakuru veJakarta vakabata kuregererwa kwemutero kune varidzi vemotokari vaive nemhosva pamitero yavo, vachiratidza kuti vaizonyanya kuomesera pamusoro pekutevedzwa kwemitero mune ramangwana. Zvichiri kukurumidza kutaura kuti kuedza kutevedzera mutero kwakabudirira sei, asi mishumo yekutanga inoratidza kuti zviremera zvaive pedyo nekurova zvibodzwa zvavo zve2017. Vakuru vemitero vanonzi vari kuendawo pasuo nesuo uye kuita shuwa kuti vatevedzere, kusimuka kubva mubhizinesi semazuva ese. Kana kutevedza kuri kuita nani nenzira yakakosha, zvinogona kupa vakuru veJakarta chishandiso chine musoro chekudzikisa huwandu hwemotokari mumugwagwa kuburikidza nemubhadharo wemvumo uye mutero.
Tichifunga zvese izvo, remangwana remutemo wezvekufambisa muJakarta rakamira pamharadzano inonakidza.
Munyori, James Guild, [email inodzivirirwa] inhengo yePhD muPolitical Economy paS. Rajaratnam School of International Studies muSingapore. Mutevere pa Twitter @jamesjguild.
