Nhoroondo yehotera: Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter

Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter aipayona mukadzi wemuAmerican mukadzi uye mugadziri wemukati ane ruzivo rwakasiyana rwekuvaka rwakadzika mutsika nemamiriro ekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero. Semunyori wezvakaitika zveFred Harvey Company, akagadzira mahotera, maresitorendi, zvitoro zvezvipo nenzvimbo dzekuzorora munzira dzakakura dzeAtchison, Topeka neSante Fe Railway kubva muna 1902 kusvika pamudyandigere muna 1948. Asi vashoma pavanhu vangangosvika mamirioni mashanu. vanoshanyira Grand Canyon National Park gore rega rega vanoziva nezva Mary Colter nezvaakaita. Ndosaka achinzi “mugadziri asingazivikanwe mumapaki enyika.”

Akazvarwa musi waApril 4, 1869 muPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, aive mwanasikana wevatorwa vekuIreland William Colter, mutengesi, naRebecca Crozier, aigaya chigayo. Akaona hudiki hwehudiki achifamba nemhuri yake kubva kuPennsylvania kuenda kuTexas neColorado asati agara muSaint Paul, Minnesota aine makore gumi nerimwe. Muna 1880, Saint Paul aive nevanhu 40,000 uye vashoma vevaSioux maIndia, vakapona muDakota War ya1862 iyo yakamanikidza vazhinji kusiya nyika ichangoumbwa.

Mary Colter akapedza chikoro chesekondari aine makore gumi nemana uye mushure mekufa kwababa vake akaenda kuCalifornia Chikoro Chemagadzirirwo (yava kunzi San Francisco Art Institute) kusvika 14 kwaakadzidza hunyanzvi uye dhizaini. Yakagadzwa neSan Francisco Art Association mu1891, iyo California Chikoro Chemagadzirirwo, chimwe chezvikoro zvekutanga muWest, chakapa vadzidzi vayo dzidzo yehunyanzvi yakazara. Kwemakore gumi nemashanu Colter akadzidzisa kudhirowa paMechanic Arts High Chikoro uye akadzidziswa kuYunivhesiti yeMinnesota Extension Chikoro. Yake yekutanga dhizaini komisheni yakauya apo akasangana naMinnie Harvey Huckel, mwanasikana weiye muvambi weFred Harvey Kambani.

Muna 1902, Colter akatanga kushandira Fred Harvey Kambani semugadziri wemukati uye mugadziri anoshanda. Basa rake rekutanga raive rekugadzira yemukati dhizaini yeHarvey Kambani chirongwa chitsva: iyo Indian Building iri padhuze neHarvey's Hotel Alvarado muAlbuquerque, New Mexico. Iyo Alvarado yakagadzirwa nemugadziri Charles Frederick Whittlesey (1867-1941) uyo akadzidziswa muhofisi yeChicago yaLouis Sullivan. Muna 1900, pazera ramakumi matatu nematatu, Whittlesey akagadzwa Chief Architect weAtchison, Topeka uye Santa Fe Railway. Akagadzira iyo El Tovar Hotel kumucheto kwekumaodzanyemba kweGrand Canyon muArizona uye Alvarado Hotel muAlbuquerque ine makumi masere nesere dzimba dzevaeni, parlors, barber, nzvimbo yekuverengera neresitorendi.

Dhizaini yaMary Colter yeImba yepedyo yeIndia yakabatsira kuvhura Harvey Kambani kutsigira kwenguva refu kwehunyanzvi hweIndia nehunyanzvi. Iyo Albuquerque Chinyorwa Democrat yakashuma muna Chivabvu 11, 1902 kuti Alvarado Hotel "yakavhurika nekuputika kwekutaura, kuyerera kwetepeti tsvuku uye kupenya kwezviuru zvemagetsi zvemagetsi zvine tarisiro yekuti zvaizokwezva makirasi akapfuma kumira muAlbuquerque parwendo rwavo rwekuMadokero. . ”

Fred Harvey akaunza budiriro, nharaunda nemaindasitiri kuWest West. Bhizinesi rake rakazopedzisira rasanganisira maresitorendi, mahotera, matafura enhau uye mota dzekudyira paSante Fe Railroad. Iko kudyidzana neAtchison, Topeka naSante Fe kwakazivisa vashanyi vazhinji vatsva kuAmerican Maodzanyemba nekuita njanji kufamba kwakanaka uye neruzivo. Vachishandisa vazhinji maNative-American maartist, iyo Fred Harvey Kambani yakaunganidzawo zvemo zvemo zvetswanda, mabhandi, zvidhori zveKachina uye muunganidzwa unofadza wezvinhu zvekunze zvekugadzira, mabasa emawoko uye fenicha yemhando yeMission.

Imba yaMary Colter yekuIndia yaive nebasa uye inoratidzira makamuri nemaIndia vagadziri vemabhasikiti, vapfuri vesirivheri, vaumbi vehari nevaruki pabasa. Iyo yakatanga iyo Harvey Kambani yekugara yakamira kutsigira kwehunyanzvi hweIndia nehunyanzvi. Mary Colter akagadzira imba yekutandarira nyowani muna 1940 muAlvarado ndokuitumidza kuti La Cocina Cantina kutora dhizaini yekicheni yekutanga yeSpain.

Kubva muna 1902 kusvika 1948, Mary Colter akashanda semugadziri wekutanga weFred Harvey Kambani, achipedzisa dhizaini yemakumi maviri nerimwe mahotera, maresitorendi, lounges, zvitoro zvecurio, nzvimbo dzekudyira nenzvimbo dzekuzorora munzira dzakakura dzeAtchison, Topeka neSante Fe Railway . Akatora kudanana uye chakavanzika cheAmerican Maodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero uye Native American hunyanzvi tsika. Humwe hunhu hwemagadzirirwo ake aive mahwindo madiki aibvumidza miseve yechiedza kusheedzera madziro ejecha dzvuku; siringi yakadzika yemiti nematavi anozorora pamatanda akasvuurwa; hacienda inovhara chivanze chepedyo; chimiro chakaipa chedombo, chakavakirwa muvhu sekunge chikamu chechimiro chechimiro chedombo. Aya mashoko akaumba zviratidzo zveAmerica zvekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kwezvizvarwa zvinotevera.

Zvese makumi maviri nechimwe zvezvirongwa zveColter zvinoratidza iye kunzwisisa kwakanyanya uye kuzvipira kune zvese zvakasikwa uye tsika tsika maakashanda. Kubudikidza neyake yemukati dhizaini, Colter airatidzira kusaremekedza kwakasimba mumimhanzi yake, achipa ratidziro yekuchenjera kweake ega ekugadzira eArt uye Crafts kugona.

Zvichakadaro, muzvirongwa zvaakadana kuti "kugadzirisazve," senge Hopi House (1905) uye Desert View Nharireyomurindi (1933) muGrand Canyon National Park, aigara achitevedzera maficha ezvivakwa zvekutanga.

Vachishandisa vavaki vechizvarwa cheNative American, vachida kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvemuno pazvinogoneka, uye vachienda kumaminiti enhoroondo akawanikwa kuburikidza nerwendo rwekutsvagisa kumatongo akasiyana eIndia, Colter akarwira stylistic verisimilitude asina kuyedza kuita, sekuzviisa kwake, "kopi, ”Kana“ mufananidzo ”.

Muzvivakwa zvake zvidiki-zvakayerwa zvevashanyi kuGrand Canyon, Colter akaunza mamwe magadzirirwo, kusanganisira iwo eHermit's Rest uye Lookout Studio (ese ari ma1914), nzvimbo dzevashanyi veCanyon dzakamira idzo dzaifanirwa kunge "dzakavanzwa pasi pemukombero," sekureva kuColter.

MuLetoutout Studio, akagadzira imwechete-nhanho, yakatetepa chimiro cheRaibab limestone yakateedzera kurongedzwa kwedombo rakakoromoka pazasi, ichiona maonero asina kuvharika kubva kune mamwe mapuratifomu kuburikidza neyekugadzira kamuri iyo yaibvumidza mutambo wemuzvarirwo weGrand Canyon kupfumisa vashanyi 'zvakaitika.

Mamwe mapurojekiti eHarvey akakwevera Colter kure neGrand Canyon, achimupa mukana wekugadzira chiteshi-mahotera padhuze neSante Fe Railway raini, kuburikidza nemaonero ake ekuvaka aigona kuratidza pamwero mukuru. Nezve El Navajo Hotel kuGallup, New Mexico (1923), akanyora, Native Americana inozivikanwa kune akawanda emahotera akaderera anomukira kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero mushure meHondo Yenyika I. MaEl Navajo ese kuGallup, New Mexico neLa Posada muWinslow, Arizona, vakaratidza kubatana kwaColter nenyaya dzekugadzira matunhu uye zvakaburitsa mavambo uye pfungwa mapurojekiti ake ekutanga.

Colter akasiya basa kuSanta Fe muna 1948 ndokufira ikoko muna 1958. Frank Waters, munyori wenhoroondo uye nyanzvi pamaNative America ekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero Masked Vanamwari: Navaho uye Pueblo Ceremonialism (1950), akayeuka Mary Jane Colter:

“Kwemakore, mukadzi asinganzwisisike akapfeka bhurugwa, aichovha akatasva bhiza kuburikidza nemakona mana achigadzira mifananidzo yematongo epamberi, achidzidza ruzivo rwekuvaka, kuumbwa kwemaglobes uye kuwacha. Anogona kudzidzisa mason kuisa zvidhinha uye mapurasita kusanganisa kugeza. ”

Kunyangwe vanhu venguva yake vaiwanzomuti "mushongedzi," zvirongwa zvake, zvina - Hopi House, Hermit's Rest, Lookout Studio, uye Desert View Nharireyomurindi - zvakanzi National Historic Landmarks, zvinoratidza kuti "mugadziri" angave akarurama uye tsananguro inotsungirira.

Mukutanga kwa2018, bhuku rakanzi Manyepo Dhizaina: Iyo Mary Colter Hoax naFred Shaw akataura kuti Colter haana kumbodzidziswa kana kusimbiswa semugadziri. Yakataura kuti inhema yakatora chikwereti pamadhizaini akagadzirwa nevamwe.

Mukupindura iyi dzidziso inotsamwisa, Allan Affeldt, muridzi wemubatsiri uye anoshanda weLa Posado Hotel, Winslow, Arizona akanyora munaGunyana 2018: "Tese tiri munyika yeHarvey takatsamwa zvikuru nezvebhuku iri. Shaw anonyatsoziva mukadzi asingadi mukadzi. ” Affeldt akawedzera:

"Izvo zvinopihwa nemabasa aColter kuna Curtis nevamwe ndezvekunyepedzera, uye zviri pachena kuti zvakadzikiswa nevazhinji kusanganisira mhuri yaHarvey ine ruzivo rwakanangana neColter nezvivakwa. Takabatana taronga kuti zvakanaka kusazviteerera zvinyoronyoro zvakaburitswa uye kwete kupa Shaw chikuva cheruvengo rwake. ”

Usapotse Iyo Firimu Idzva "Green Book"

Nhoroondo yangu yehotera Nha. 192, "The Negro Motorist Green Book", rakaburitswa muna Kukadzi 28, 2018. Yakataura nyaya yezvikamu zvakateedzana zveAAA-senge magwara evafambi vatema akaburitswa kubva muna 1936 kusvika 1966. Yakanyora mahotera, mamotels, nzvimbo dzekushandira, dzimba dzekubhodhira, maresitorendi, runako uye zvitoro zvekugera izvo zvaive zvine hushamwari kumaAfrica maAmerican. Iye zvino bhaisikopo richangoburitswa "Green Book" rinotaurira nyaya yaDon Shirley, muJamaican-America akaridza piano muridzi uye mutyairi wake chena, Frank "Tony Lip" Vallelonga uyo anotanga rwendo rwemakonzati a1962 kuburikidza neakadzoserwa Deep South. Zvisinei nemusoro wemuvhi, pane mashoma mareferenzi kune chairo bhuku reGreen Book yekufambisa. Asi iyo bhaisikopo rakanakisa uye rakakodzera zvachose kuona.

Munyori, Stanley Turkel, ane masimba anozivikanwa uye mupangamazano muindastiri yehotera. Iye anoshanda muhotera yake, kugamuchira vaeni uye kuita zvehunyanzvi kunoongorora manejimendi manejimendi, kushanda kuongororwa uye kushanda kwezvibvumirano zvekutengesa muhotera uye kupihwa rutsigiro. Vatengi varidzi vemahotera, vatengesi uye masangano ekukweretesa.

Bhuku rake nyowani rakaburitswa naAuthorHouse: "Hotel Mavens Vhoriyamu 2: Henry Morrison Flagler, Henry Bradley Plant, Carl Graham Fisher."

Mamwe Mabhuku Akaburitswa:

• Vakuru vemuAmerican Hoteliers: Mapiyona eiyo Indasitiri yeHotera (2009)
  • Yakavakwa Kwekupedzisira: Makore 100+ Ekare-Mahotera muNew York (2011)
  • Yakavakwa Kwekupedzisira: 100+ Makore-Akare Mahotera Kumabvazuva kweMississippi (2013)
  • Hotera Mavens: Lucius M. Boomer, George C. Boldt naOscar veWaldorf (2014)
  • Vakuru vemuAmerican Hoteliers Vhoriyamu 2: Mapiyona eiyo Indasitiri yeHotera (2016)
  • Yakavakwa Kwekupedzisira: 100+ Makore-Akare Mahotera Kumadokero kweMississippi (2017)

Ese aya mabhuku anogona zvakare kuodhwa kubva kuAuthorHouse, nekushanya www.vashorganism.ru uye nekudzvanya pamusoro webhuku racho.