Kuenzanisa matare emutemo wekufamba mune isinganakidzi forum

Muchinyorwa chesvondo rino, tinoongorora nyaya dzakati wandei dzinosanganisira kutevedzwa kwezvisungo zvekusarudza forum muzvibvumirano zvekufamba zvine mitsetse yerwendo [Young v. Holland American Line, NV, 2016 US Dist. LEXIS 179370 (ND Cal. 2016) (kukuvadzwa mumuviri kunotsigirwa panguva yerwendo; Washington forum sarudzo clause haina kusimbiswa); agency yekufambisa/ tour operator [Vardanyan v. Costa Rica Travel Planning, Inc., 2016 WL 7378545 (Cal. App. 2016)(rufu rusina kunaka muCosta Rica; Colorado forum select clause yakatevedzwa; mutemo weColorado wakashandiswa)] uye kushandiswa kwemutemo dzidziso ye forum isiri nyore muzviitiko zvetsaona kumahotera ekunze kana nzvimbo dzekutandarira [Wilmot v. Marriott Hurghada Management, Inc., No. 16-3211 (3d Cir. 2017)(mugari weUnited Kingdom anochengetedza kukuvara kwepadivi pahotera muEgypt; kufamba kudzinga pazvikonzero zveforum isingabvumirwe; Delaware isiri nyore foramu; Egypt kana United Kingdom maforamu akakwana; Brown v. Marriott International, Inc., No. 14-CV-5960 (SLT)(MDG) (EDNY 2017)(Mugari wemuUnited States anotsvedza ndokuwira pahotera muSt. Kitts, British West Indies; kurudziro yekudzingwa basa nechikonzero ve forum non conveniens vakaramba; St. Kitts not an adequate forum; Guezou v. American University of Beirut, 2017 NY Slip Op 31688(U)(Mugari weFrance akakuvara pamhenderekedzo yegungwa muLebanon pakadhirika chigaro chemahombekombe; kurudziro yekudzingwa nechikonzero cheforamu yakapihwa; Lebanon iforamu yakakwana)]. Onawo: Dickerson, In Hotel Law, The Best Defense Is an Enforceable Forum Selection Clause, newyorklawjournal (5/26/2017) (ichitaura nezve St. Aubin v. Island Hotel Company, 2017 US Dist. LEXIS 37042 (SD Fla.2017) (Mugari wemuUS akakuvara panzvimbo yekutandarira muNassau; Bahamas forum selection clause haina kutevedzerwa); Molino v. Sagamore, 105 AD 3d 922 (NYAD 2016)(muenzi anoramba akuvara pahotera muWarren County, New York; clause yekusarudza forum inotevedzwa). zvakare chinyorwa chedu chakapfuura nezvenyaya iyi: Dickerson, Forum yekusarudza zvikamu muzvibvumirano zvekufamba: Chiziviso chakakwana chinofanira kudiwa here? eturbonews (11/15/2015).

Zvinotyisa Zvinotarisirwa Kuvandudza

Myanmar

MuBeech, The Rohingya Vanotambura Nezvinotyisa. Saka Nei Dzimwe Nyaya Dzavo Dzisiri Echokwadi?, nytimes (2/1/2018) zvakaonekwa kuti “Mumusasa wevapoteri chero upi zvawo, njodzi inogadziriswa. Mapoka erubatsiro anoda kubatsira vanotambura uye vanhu vanokurumidza kuona kuti nyaya yehanzvadzi ina nherera ine kukosha kukuru kupfuura yemhuri isina kugadzikana iyo yakangorasikirwa nezvose zvayo…Mazano akadai inzira yokurarama nayo…Asi nganonyorwa dzenhema dzinoderedza kutyisa chaiko. -kuponda, kubata chibharo uye kupisa misha-yakaitwa paRohingya nemauto ekuchengetedza eMyanmar. Uye ngano dzakashongedzwa dzakadaro dzinongosimbisa kukakavara kwehurumende yeMyanmar kuti zviri kuitika muRakhine State hakusi kucheneswa kwemarudzi sezvinoratidzwa nenharaunda yepasirese, asi hunyengeri hwevapambi vekunze”.

Kuongorora Hondo yePhilippine Drug War

MuVillamor, International Criminal Court Ichaongorora Duerte Pamusoro peHondo Yezvinodhaka, nytimes (2/8/2018) "Dare reInternational Criminal Court rakati neChipiri rakanga richivhura kuferefetwa kwemhosva dzekupomerwa Mutungamiri Rodrigo Duerte nevamwe vakuru vePhilippine mhosva dzavakapara. vanhu panguva yekurwisa zvinodhaka kwakaitwa nehurumende… Harry Roque, mutauriri wemutungamiri wenyika yePhilippine, akati kudzvanyirira kuri kuita hurumende kwaiva 'kushanda kwemapurisa zviri pamutemo' uye kuti mutungamiri wenyika akatambira mutongo wedare reHague-based Tribunal”.

Parkland, Florida

MuBurch & Mazzei, Florida School Shooting Death Toll is at 17 and Could Rise, nytimes (2/14/2018) zvakaonekwa kuti "Murume wechidiki aive akapakatira zvombo akapinda muchikoro chake chesekondari ingangoita awa kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweMiami neChitatu, kupfurwa nepfuti kuvadzidzi nevadzidzisi vakanga vatya uye kuchisiya nhamba yevakafa yegumi nevanomwe inogona kutokwira zvakanyanya…Vadzidzi vakaungana vachitya mumakamuri avo ekudzidzira, vamwe vachidzidzisa nharembozha dzavo nezvemhondi iyi, vachitapa mitumbi yakazvambarara, mhere uye pfuti izvo zvakatanga nekupfura zvishoma. ndokuenderera mberi nezvakawanda. Vakafa vanosanganisira vadzidzi nevakuru, vamwe vavo vakapfurwa kunze kwechikoro vamwe vari mukati meimba iyi ine nhurikidzwa nhatu. Mupfuti aive nepfuti yeAr-17 semiautomatic akaonekwa saNikolas Cruz, ane makore 15 okukura akange adzingwa pachikoro ".

Cross Border Comparisons

MuAguilar, Kubva kumaMuseum kuenda kuMakomo, Kudada uye Kuda nyika, nytimes (2/6/2018) zvakaonekwa kuti "Muganho pakati peUnited States neMexico uri munhau mazuva ese, mumakakatanwa arikuenderera mberi nezve kubuda uye kushandisa mari muzvirongwa zvekuchengetedza. . Asi zvakaita sei kushanyira nzvimbo dziri pedyo nebhodha? Kuti vawane, vanyori veKufamba vakapedza nguva vari mumativi mashanu enzvimbo: Brownsville, Tex., uye Matamoros, Mexico; Bif Bend National Park uye Boquillas; San Diego neTijuana; Nogales, Ariz And Nogales, Mexico; uye El Paso naCiudad Juarez”.

Nyanzvi Yemhuka muKenya Yakapondwa

MuGettleman, Hapana Vafungidziri Mukuuraya Eccentric American, Nyanzvi yeKenyan Wildlife Expert, nytimes (2/5/2018) zvakaonekwa kuti "Aive mutambi munzvimbo yemhuka dzesango muKenya ... nenyanga yechipembere. Iye zvino ndiye akabatwa mune chakavanzika chekuponda…Hazvina kujeka kana VaMartin, avo vaive nemakore makumi manomwe nematanhatu, vakaurayiwa nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwavo kana basa ravo. Pasina kupokana aive nevavengi vakawanda, achinyora mushumo mushure memushumo waifumura hudzamu hwekutengeswa kwenyanga dzenzou nenyanga dzezvipembere pasi rose izvo zvakauraya makumi ezviuru zvemhuka dziri mungozi, Rufu Rwake rwakaunza masaisai anovhundutsa munharaunda yemhuka dzesango dzeEast Africa”.

Majorca Varatidziri Vachatongwa

MuMass tourism varatidziri muMajorca vakatarisana nemhosva, travelwirenews (2/9/2018) zvakaonekwa kuti "Boka rinonzi Arran Paisos Catalans rinoti kushanya kwevanhu vakawanda kuri kuparadza chitsuwa cheMajorca. Yakarova Palma marina muna Chikunguru wapfuura, ichimisa moto padivi pemayachts eumbozha. Varatidziri vakakandawo confetti pamusoro pekudya kwaityisa pane imwe resitorendi iri padyo. Vapomerwa mhosva yekusagadzikana kwevanhu, kukanganisa uye kutyisidzira. "

Airbnb Inovhura Kugovera Hotera

MuAirbnb Inovhura Zviri pamutemo kuHotera Kugovera-Kufamba Kwevhiki, travelwirenews (2/8/2018) zvakaonekwa kuti "Airbnb ndeyekubvumidza mahotera nevamwe vanopa pekugara kunyora panzvimbo kekutanga kuburikidza nekugovera zviri pamutemo kwechitatu-bato. network. Siteminder ichave yekutanga puratifomu kuita semaneja wechiteshi pasi rose kuitira kuti portfolio yezvivakwa ionekwe padivi pezvivakwa zviripo kubva kuAirbnb mauto ”.

Geza iyo Hamster, Ndokumbira

Mune AP Florida mukadzi: Ndege yakandiudza kuti ndibvise pet hamster, msn (2/9/2018) zvakaonekwa kuti "Mukadzi weFlorida anoti ndege yakamuudza kuti adonhedze hamster yake muchimbuzi cheairport nekuti rodent remoyo raisatenderwa. kubhururuka naye…The Miami Herald inoshuma Belen Aldecosea asati abhururuka kumba achibva kukoreji kuenda kuSouth Florida, akafonera kaviri Spirit Airlines kuti aone kuti akwanisa kuunza Matombo, chipfuyo chake chipfupi, Hapana Dambudziko, kambani yendege yakadaro. Asi (iye) paakasvika panhandare yendege yeBaltimore, Mweya wakaramba kutendera mhuka kuti ipinde. Mukomana ane makore makumi maviri nerimwe okukura akaudza bepanhau kuti akakanda Matombo pane zano remushandi wendege, mushure mekushaya dzimwe sarudzo…'Aitya. Ndaitya, Zvaityisa kuedza kumuisa muchimbuzi' Aldecosea akadaro”.

Rega Kubata Zvisizvo Zvinhu Zvitsvene, Ndapota

Mumatare echechi yeAP Native inosimudzira kudzidziswa kwevanoongorora airport, wtop (2/8/2018) zvakaonekwa kuti "Bhokisi remapuranga rakatakura mnhenga wegondo uye muridzo webhonzo, gourd rattle uye minhenga fan-zvinhu zvinotakura simba remweya uye zviri inoshandiswa mumhemberero dzechitendero cheNative America. Murume akabata bhokisi akakumbira mumiriri paSan Antonio International Airport kuti amubvumidze kuratidza zvinhu zvacho kuti simba ravo risasvibiswa. Vamiririri vacho vakaramba, vachibata zvinhu uye vachizvidzosera mubhokisi, sekureva kwaSandor Iron Rope, aimbova mutungamiri weNative American Church yekuNorth America. Mhosva yake yaipokana ne (TSA) yakagadziriswa mwedzi wapera, pasina divi raibvuma mhosva uye sangano rakabvuma kudzidzisa vashandi varo zvirinani nezvezvinhu zvechitendero zveNative America panhandare dzendege dzinopfuura gumi nembiri munyika yose".

Cruise Travel Inishuwarenzi Zvikanganiso

Mune Zvikanganiso Zvikuru Zvina Zvinogona Kuita Kuti Cruise Yako Yekufamba Inishuwarenzi Ishaye Basa, travelwirenews (4/2/7) zvakacherechedzwa kuti "Chinyorwa chakapwanya 2018 mwaka wedutu chakakuvadza nzvimbo dzakakurumbira dzekufamba uye chando chechando chakavhara kwenguva pfupi dzimwe nhandare dzendege zvakakonzera vafambi vazhinji. kurasikirwa nemari… Inotungamira kambani inoenzanisa yeinishuwarenzi yekufamba, Squaremouth, inotsanangura nzira yekudzivirira zvikanganiso zvina zvikuru zvinogona kuita kuti mutemo ushaye basa. Mistake Nha. 2017 Kumirira Kusvika Paine Mamiriro Ekunze Akashata Kuti Uwane Inishuwarenzi Yekufamba…kana chamupupuri kana kuti dutu remuchando rapihwa zita, yave kunonoka kuwana inishuwarenzi yekufambisa…Kukanganisa Nha. Inishuwarenzi yekufambisa inogona kuvhara ngarava inodhura kunze kwekunge mufambi akadhakwa…Kukanganisa Nha. 1: Kufunga Kuti Zvekurapwa Kwako Zvakavharwa Panguva Yese Pakushanya Kwemahombekombe… vangasaziva kuti mutemo unogona kusabatanidza zviitiko zvepasi zvinokanganisa zvakaita se kayaking kana kukwira mubharumu rinopisa rinopisa… Mistake Nha.

Rovedza muviri Paunenge Uchifamba

MuVora, Maitiro eKukwana Mukurovedza muviri Paunenge Uchifamba, nytimes (2/8/2018) zvakaonekwa kuti "Ms. Lang (New York City-based certified personal trainer) ane matipi akawanda ekuti ungaita sei maekisesaizi paunenge uchifamba. Hezvino zvimwe…Inzwa Nezvakatipoteredza Nechiito…Gadzira Wako Kushanya…Tanga Zuva Rako NeMitambo Yekurovedzera muviri…Usangomirira Mutsara…Panzvimbo yekungomira wakamirira… Mai Lang vakurudzira kushandisa nguva yako kuita maekisesaizi matatu. kuti vamwe vako vakamira havazocherechedzi: mhuru inosimudza, iyo inosimbisa makumbo ezasi, glute inosvina, apo iwe unosimbisa glutes yako uye ubatisise kwenguva yakareba sezvaunokwanisa usati wasunungura, kutaurira musana wako uye kufema kwedumbu, apo iwe unobudisa mweya paunenge uchidhonza. dumbu rako mukati uye ramba uchifema uye uchifemesa paunenge uchidhonza mukati zvakanyanya, kuwedzera simba rako repakati. Unogona kuwana zvimiro zvisinganzwisisike, asi mhedzisiro yacho ichave yakakosha ”.

Flipping The Chitima Chengetedza Switch

MuHaag, Signal System Yaive Pazasi Yekuchengetedza Kukwidziridzwa Kusati Kwafatal Amtrak Crash, Vakuru Vanoti, nytimes (2/5/2018) zvakacherechedzwa kuti "Vashandi vekugadzirisa vaishanda muchitima muSouth Carolina nemusi weSvondo vakaremedza siginecha yavo yekuisa. tekinoroji nyowani yaiitirwa kudzivirira tsaona apo track yeAmtrak yakarovera muchitima chekutakura zvinhu munzira, ikauraya vanhu vaviri, vaongorori vakati nemusi weMuvhuro…Kunyange zvakadaro, Mr. manual switch, Akati mainjiniya eAmtrak muchitima aifanira kunge aonawo kuti switch yacho yakamira munzira isiriyo”.

Gara Kure neBaltimore, Ndokumbirawo

MuWilliams, muBaltimore, Mahofisi eBrazen Akatora Mukana Wese Kubira uye Kubiridzira, nytimes (2/6/2018) zvakacherechedzwa kuti “Matanho emabhiri, zviuru zana zvemadhora zvakatorwa munzvimbo yakachengeteka. Masaga emarara akazara nemishonga yakabiwa yakakandwa pamusika mutema. Mumwe mutyairi akabirwa $100,000. Mhosva idzi hadzina kuitwa nematsotsi akajairwa, asi nemapurisa ekuBaltimore. Ivo vari pakati pezvakazarurwa zvakawanda mune imwe yenyaya dzinoshamisa dzehuwori dzemapurisa muchizvarwa… kunyangwe mupurisa wacho akatsanangura boka revakuru rakaita hutsinye, richitora mukana wese kubira avo vavaifanira kunge vari mapurisa kana kudzivirira, uye zvisingaite. kuti vafukidze mabasa avo”.

Idaho: Ndeipi Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze?

MuAlbeck-Ripka, Idaho Yakabvisa Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze kubva kuMirayiridzo yeChikoro. Ikozvino Yave Hondo, nytimes (2/6/2018) zvakaonekwa kuti "Kurwira kwezvematongerwo enyika pamusoro pekudziya kwepasi kwakawedzera kusvika kudzidzo yesainzi mumakore achangopfuura sezvo nyika dzakati wandei dzakaedza kunetesa kana kuvharisa dzidziso itsva dzaisanganisira ruzivo nezvesainzi yemamiriro ekunze. . Asi muIdaho chete iyo paramende yenyika yakabvisa kutaurwa kwese kwekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kwakakonzerwa nevanhu kubva kugwara resainzi renyika yese vachisiya mamwe ese akakwana. Iye zvino vadzidzisi, vabereki nevana vechikoro vave kudzokera kumashure”.

Usarwara muIndia, Ndapota

MuGettleman & Kumar, Chiremba Wemanyepo muIndia Anofungirwa Kutapurira Mazana Mazhinji NeHIV, nytimes (2/6/2018) zvakaonekwa kuti "vakuru vemapurisa kuchamhembe kweIndia vaitsvaga neChipiri chiremba wemanyepo anofungidzirwa kuti akatapurira varwere vake vazhinji. HIV nekushandisazve sirinji ine tsvina. Varwere vakarapwa neinonzi 'jhola chhaap dctor' chiremba anodzungaira ane zvitupa chete zvinogoneka (a chhaap chiratidzo chekutengeserana kana chisimbiso chepamutemo) i jhola, bhegi redonje repafudzi rinopihwa kurapwa. Vazhinji havana kudzidziswa, uye kumwe kurapa kwavanopa kunogona kuva nengozi, asi muIndia, uko hurongwa hwekuchengetedza hutano hunoshorwa zvakanyanya, varombo vazhinji vanowanzonzwa kuti havana chavangaite kunze kwekubhadhara marupees mashoma pamabasa avo uye tariro yevarombo. zvakanakisisa”.

Uber Inofarira Varume Vekukurumidza

KuWestgard, Uber's Pay Formula yeVatyairi Favors Speed, Inobatsira Varume, msn (2/7/2018) zvakaonekwa kuti "Uber yakaratidza kuve nzvimbo yebasa inoshanduka yevatyairi vanogona kuseta yavo maawa nemakwara, system vamwe vanofungidzirwa kuti vangafarira vakadzi, Asi, zvinoita sekunge nzira yekubhadharira vatyairi ava inofarira kumhanya, iyo inowanzovharwa nevarume vane makumbo e lead, chidzidzo chinoratidza. Mhedzisiro ndeyekuti vatyairi veUber vanowana 7 muzana kupfuura vakadzi, sekureva (kuongororwa) kwevatyairi vanopfuura miriyoni imwe yekutanga. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinosanganisira ruzivo uye zvaunofarira pamusoro penguva uye kupi kwekushanda, zvinopawo mutsauko, sekureva kwechidzidzo ”.

Grubhub Sarudzo & Kugovera Economy

Muna Dickey, Mutongi anotonga Grubhub akanyatsorongedzerwa mutyairi wekutakura semutyairi akazvimirira, techcrunch (2/9/2018) zvakaonekwa kuti “Mwedzi mishoma mushure mekunzwa nharo dzekuvhara mumhosva yeLawson v. Grubhub, Mutongi Jacqueline Scott Corley atonga Raef Lawson. , mumhan'ari, aive kontrakta akazvimirira achityaira nekuendesa chikafu cheGrubhub…Chinhu chakakosha chenyaya yakatarisana nebvunzo yeBorello, iyo inotarisa mamiriro akaita sekuti basa rakaitwa chikamu chebhizinesi renguva dzose rekambani, hunyanzvi hunodiwa, kubhadhara. nzira uye kana basa riri kuitwa pasi pekutariswa kwemaneja. Chinangwa chebvunzo ndechekuona kana mushandi ari 1099 kontrakta kana mushandi weW-2". Sezvakacherechedzwa neDare “” nepo zvimwe zvinhu zvichiyera hukama hwebasa, kushaya kwaGrubhub kwese kwakakosha kutonga pamusoro pebasa raVa Lawson, kusanganisira mabatiro aakaita kuendesa uye kunyangwe kana kwenguva yakareba sei, pamwe nezvimwe zvinhu zvinonyengetedza Dare. kuti chikamu chemukondirakiti chaive chakakodzera kuna VaLawson munguva pfupi yavaive naGrubhub”. Sarudzo iyi ichave nemhedzisiro paUber, Lyft nemamwe makambani ekugovanisa.

Kufamba Mutemo Zviitiko zveSvondo

Case 1

Muna Young v. Holland America Line, NV Dare rakaona kuti Vamhan'ari "vakabhuka rwendo rwemazuva gumi nemana rweCaribbean… rwaifambiswa neHolland asi vakatenga matikiti avo kuburikidza neDefendant Costco Travel. Vamhan’ari vanoti vakakuvara panguva yerwendo rwavo. Vamhan'ari vakamhan'arira (muCalifornia) vachiti kusateerera kweVadziviriri kwakakonzera kukuvara kwavo. Holland yakamhan'ara kuendesa nzvimbo kuWestern District yeWashington 'zvichienderana nemutemo wekusarudza forum muPasage Contract'”.

Kutaurirana Kunonzwisisika

"Pano, chinotariswa pamakakatanwa emapato ndechekuti chirevo chekusarudzwa kweforum muHolland's Passage Contract chakaziviswa kune Vamhan'ari ... Holland inotarisa ... pane yayo 'Internet-based booking conformation uye check-in system'. Holland anoti Mumhan'ari 'aifanirwa kutanga aona obva abvuma zviga zvePasage Contract' izvo zvinosanganisira forum=yesarudzo clause. Hongu, Holland inoti 'Vamhan'ari vangadai vasina kukwanisa kudhinda mapepa avo ebhodhi vasina kutanga vagamuchira zvirevo nemamiriro'. Holland anobva atsanangura kuti, mukati mePasage Contract, iyo forum-yesarudzo clause 'inosiyaniswa' nehunhu hwayo".

Booking Kuburikidza neCostco

“Dambudziko nenharo yaHolland nderekuti Vamhan’ari havana kushandisa hurongwa hwekubhukha padandemutande… Vamhan’ari vanotsanangura kuti vakatenga matikiti avo erwendo kuburikidza neCostco Travel (uye) mumiririri weCostco akatumira Vamhan’ari gwaro rinoratidza kubhuroka kwavo pamwe chete nerwendo rwavo. Hapana kana rimwe remagwaro aya rakataura nezve forum-yakasarudzwa clause. (Zvakazodaro mumiriri weCostco wekufamba akatumira email iyo) yakaraira Vamhan'ari kuti vatarise mafambiro avo pawebhusaiti yeHolland kuti vatore ma tag avo ekukwira nekutakura…Mushure mekugamuchira…email (iyo) Vamhan'ari vakaedza kutarisa nehurongwa hwepamhepo hweHolland asi. havana kukwanisa kuita saizvozvo. Pamwe chete, Vamhan'ari vakadaidza mutsara webasa revatengi veHolland (uye vakazogashira gwaro rebhodhi remapeji gumi nerimwe neemail papeji 8 paive) zvakaburitswa maererano nechikamu chesarudzo".

Chiziviso chisina kukwana

"Zvakaitika ndezvekuti Vamhan'ari havana kuziviswa nezvechikamu chesarudzo muPassage Contract yavo kusvika vatora matikiti avo erwendo uye, kunyangwe zvakadaro, clause yakavigwa kuseri kwegwaro rine mapeji gumi nerimwe. Nekuda kwezvikonzero izvi Dare rinoona kuti nhevedzano yezviitiko haina kuunza chirevo chesarudzo cheforum. (Uyezve) Dare rinopokana kuti izwi rinoburitswa chete mushure mekutenga kwaitwa uye panguva iyo kukanzura kunodhura kusvika 11% yemutengo wetikiti kunogona kugutsa bvunzo inonzwisisika yekutaurirana. Ona Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc., 75 US 499, 585 (595) (muchiona zvakakosha kuti vafambi vengarava 'varambe vaine sarudzo yekuramba kondirakiti pasina mhosva').

Case 2

Muna Vardanyan v. Costa Rica Travel Planning, Inc. (CR Travel), Dare rakacherechedza kuti “Vamhan’ari vaiti…Vardanyan akatenga pasuru yezororo kubva kuCR Travel (iyo) yakatumira email… pari zvino tiri mushishi rekusimbisa zvaunenge wachengeta…Nekutikumbira kuti tichengete zvauri kutenderana neMitemo neMamiriro edu (izvo) zvaisanganisira chikamu chesarudzo cheforamu mune imwe ndima ine musoro unoti 'Mutemo Unoshanda' mune zvakatsveyamiswa, zvine mavara makuru. Pazasi pemusoro iwoyo paive nemutauro unotevera: 'Kondirakiti ichatongwa nemirairo yeNyika yeColorado uye makakatanwa ese achaunzwa muWeld County, Colorado'…musi wa4 Nyamavhuvhu 2013 akanyura muCosta Rica paaituhwina mugungwa. …Mushure mekunge CR Travel yapihwa…chichemo…(chakazorasa chichemo) zvichibva pachikamu chesarudzo”.

Forum Selection Clause Inosimbiswa

Mushure mekuongorora nharo dzeMurevereri maererano nechiziviso chakakwana, kusaziva uye kuoneka Dare rakasimbisa chirevo cheColorado forum sarudzo. "Pano, gwaro rine chikamu chekusarudza forum (iyo e-mail inonamirwa yematemu nemamiriro) ine peji rimwe chete, uye chikamu chekusarudza forum chinotaridzwa mune imwe yakaparadzaniswa, pfupi ndima. Ndima iyoyo ine musoro unoti 'Applicable Law' mune yakatsveyamiswa, ine capitalized print. Nokudaro, kunyange zvazvo mashoko echikamu chacho akanga akanyorwa nemavara akafanana neezvimwe zvikamu, haana 'kuvigwa mugungwa' ane mabhii akafanana. Mukuwedzera, mavara echinyorwa akanga asiri maduku zvikuru. Chokwadi, gwaro rakatumirwa e-mail kuna Vardanyan, iyo font ingadai yakave yakakura mushure mekuvhura pakombuta ”.

Case 3

Muna Wilmot v. Marriott Hurghada Managements, Inc., Dare rakaona kuti “Nyaya iyi yakabva mukukuvadzwa kunonzi kwakaitwa naGuy Wilmot, mugari wekuUnited Kingdom, paaiva pazororo paMarriott Resort muHurghada, Egypt. . Mushure mekukuvara, Wilmot akavhiyiwa bendekete rakatyoka kuEgypt ndokutsvaga kumwe kurapwa kubva kuna vanachiremba nevarapi vemuviri kuUnited Kingdom. Avo vakaona chiitiko ichi, vakabatsira Wilmot mushure uye ndokurapwa kukuvara kwake vese vachiri kuEgypt kana United Kingdom. Chero marekodhi ekurapa anogadzirwa kubva mukuchengetwa kwaWilmot ari kuEgypt kana United Kingdom zvakare. Wilmot akaunza chiitiko ichi muDunhu reDelaware ”.

Kuenda Kunodzinga

"Mukupindura (kumhan'ara) Marriott akamhan'arira kuti adzingwe forum isiri yakasununguka, kukwikwidza Egypt yaive foramu yakakodzera kugadzirisa nyaya iyi. . . Mushure mekunge Wilmot apindura, mhinduro yaMarriott yakapawo United Kingdom seimwe foramu iripo uye yakakwana”.

Foramu Isingabatsiri

“Dzidziso yedare redunhu inoisa mukutonga kwedare redunhu sarudzo 'yokuramba[ku]ramba kuisirwa pasi pesimba raro'…apo kutongwa 'kwaizounza ...kudzvanyirira uye kunetsa kumumhan'arirwi… kunze kwezvose zvakafanira kumumhan'ari… yakatsanangura zvinhu zvina zvinotungamirira matare edunhu 'maonero aanoita:'(1) kuwanda kwekuremekedzwa kunofanirwa kupihwa [mumhan'ari] sarudzo yeforamu, (2) kuvapo kweimwe foramu yakakwana apo vanopomerwa vanogona kugadzirisa uye [mumhan'ari ] zvichemo zvinonzwisisika; (3) zvakakosha 'zvido zvepachivande' zvinokanganisa kurerukira kwevanopikisa; uye (4) 'zvido zveruzhinji' zvine chekuita nekunakira kweforamu'”.

Zvinhu zvina

Kutanga, Dare rakabvuma kuti “chisarudzo chaWilmot cheforamu (chinofanira kupiwa) ‘ruremekedzo rwakaderera zvikuru’ pane zvinowanzopiwa chisarudzo chomumhan’ari paforamu” nokuti mumhan’ari “wokune imwe nyika” uye chisarudzo chake chedare reUnited States “kashoma. kuvakirwa pazviri nyore”. Chechipiri, maererano nekuvepo kweimwe foramu yakakwana Dare rakaona United Kingdom neEgypt zvakakwana zvisinei kuti “Wilmot anopikisawo hugandanga nehuwori zvinoita kuti matare eEgypt asakwane”. Chechitatu, maererano nezvakavanzika [“Zvakavanzika zvekufunga nezvazvo zvinosanganisira kureruka kwekuwana kunobva humbowo; kukwanisa kudzora kupinda kwechapupu kana zvichidiwa; zvinoreva kuona zvivakwa uye zvinhu zvakakodzera; uye chero chipingamupinyi chingangotadzisa kutongwa kuri nyore, kusingadhuri uye kunokurumidza”] nezvido zveveruzhinji [“Zvido zveruzhinji zvinosanganisira matambudziko ekutonga anobva mumatare akawandisa; zvido zvomunharaunda kuti nyaya yacho itongwe kumba; chishuwo chekuti foramu ienderane nemutemo wekutonga nyaya kudzivirira kunetsana kwemitemo dambudziko…; uye kudzivisa kuremedza vagari vedare risingaenderani nebasa revatongi”], Dare rakaona kuti “zvinenge zvapupu zvose, umboo uye mamwe manyuko ouchapupu zviri kunze kweUnited States. Mhosva iyi ine chekuita netsaona yakaitika kuEgypt, yakasangana nemugari weBritain uye mugari akakuvara akarapwa nanachiremba vekuEgypt neBritish… Dunhu reDelaware harina chido chekugadzirisa nyaya iyi zvichienzaniswa neEgypt kana United Kingdom”. Chikumbiro chekudzinga chapihwa.

Case 4

Muna Brown v. Marriott International, Inc., Dare rakacherechedza kuti mumhan'ari ari muenzi paSt. Kitts Marriott Resort "akaita kuti atsvedzeke uye awe nekuda kwemvura yaidonha kubva muairconditioner…zvikaita kuti mumhan'ari arove ndokuuya. mukubata nechisimba pasi…St. Kitts chitsuwa uye chitsuwa chakavakidzana cheNevis inyika yakazvimirira 'yezvitsuwa zviviri muWest Indies; inodaidzwa kuti 'Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis...Mumhan'ari anogara kuBrooklyn, New York (uye) Mudziviriri isangano reDelaware (iro rave kuda kudzingwa basa nechikonzero cheforamu isiri yakanakira)".

St. Kitts Inadequate Forum

“Kunyangwe chiri chokwadi kuti Mumhan’ari haafanire kukwanisa kuita ‘chikonzero chimwe chete chekuita chiito’ mune imwe foramu, anofanira kukwanisa ‘kupikisa[e]…nyaya yenharo’…Heino nyaya. wekupokana kwemumhan'ari imhosva ine chekuita nemutemo wesangano…Mumiriri akanga atadza kuita mutoro wake kuratidza chinhu chaidiwa…kuti St. Kitts inobvumidza kumatare edzimhosva uye/kana zvichemo zvesangano. Pachikonzero ichi chete, Dare rinogona kuramba chirevo ichi… Zvakare, kana mugari wemuNew York achikwanisa kubata kambani yekuAmerica inoita bhizinesi muNew York ine mhosva pasi pefungidziro yebazi rinofarirwa nevagari vemuNew York”. Chikumbiro chemumhan’ari chekuramba nechikonzero cheforum non conveniens chinorambwa.

Case 5

MuGuezou v. American University yeBeirut, Dare rakaona kuti mumiririri akanga ari mugari weFrance uye paaiva muLebanon pamhenderekedzo yegungwa uye akachengetwa neanopomerwa akagara pachigaro chakaputsika, akanzwa shure uye akakuvadzwa. Akawana kurapwa muLebanon neFrance. "Mudziviriri yunivhesiti yakabatanidzwa pasi pemutemo weNew York (ine) mahofisi ekutonga muNew York kunyange kubva pakuvambwa kwayo, kambasi yayo nezvivakwa zviri muRebhanoni". Mudziviriri anoenda kudzinga nezvikonzero zveforum zvisiri izvo.

Mhedzisiro Yekudzinga Yapihwa

"[T[pano pane kusawirirana pakati penyaya iyi neNew York, kunyanya sezvo Rebhanoni iri nzvimbo yetsaona uye nzvimbo yevanogona kupupura kunze kwevanachiremba vemumhan'ari nemumhan'ari, avo vese vanogara muFrance ... Uye hapana zvakare. zvichiratidza kuti kutonga muLebanon hakwaizozadzisa zvido zvekururamisira kwakanyanya…Sezvo chiyero chezvikonzero izvi 'chinotsigira zvakasimba mupomerwi' uye nekuda kwekururamisira kwakanyanya, Lebanon ndiyo nzvimbo iri nani".

Munyori, Thomas A. Dickerson, mubatanidzi Mutongi weAppellate Division, weChipiri Dhipatimendi reNew York State Dare Repamusorosoro uye anga achinyora nezveMutemo weTravel kwemakore makumi mana nerimwe kusanganisira mabhuku ake emitemo anovandudzwa pagore, Mutemo Wekufamba, Law Journal Press. (42), Litigating International Torts muUS Courts, Thomson Reuters WestLaw (2018), Kirasi Zviito: Mutemo we2018 States, Law Journal Press (50) uye anopfuura mazana mana ezvinyorwa zvemutemo mazhinji acho anowanikwa ku nycourts.gov/courts/ 2018jd / taxcertatd.shtml. Zvekuwedzera zvemutemo wekufamba nhau uye zviitiko, kunyanya, mune dzimwe nhengo dzeEU munoona IFTTA.org

Ichi chinyorwa hachigone kuburitswa pasina mvumo yaThomas A. Dickerson.

Verenga zvakawanda zve Zvinyorwa zveJustice Dickerson pano.