pashure Prof Francesco Frangialli akapa yambiro yake pamusoro pekushanya nehondo mbiri dziri kunetsa, akagovera kutarisa kwakadzama kuti sei kushanya kwakapinda muchikamu chitsva.
Teerera kuna Francesco Frangialli. Kuongorora kwake mamiriro eindasitiri yekufambisa uye yekushanya kwakakosha uye kwakasiyana. Frangialli anoonekwa semumwe wenyanzvi dzepamusoro pasirese uye haawanzo kutaura.
Pamberi peIsrael ichangoburwa - Palestine dambudziko aive muChina panguva Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai. Akapa hurukuro iyi kuvadzidzi munaGunyana 13. 2023
Vanababa naanamai,
Ndinofara uye ndine rukudzo kuva newe nhasi muyunivhesiti ino mukurumbira, yandakawana mukana wekushanyira muchidimbu makore gumi nemashanu apfuura pandakanga ndiri kutungamira United Nations World Tourism Organisation - iyo UNWTO. Rega nditaure kunyanya kutenda kwangu Prof. Xu Honggang nokuda kwekukoka kwake kwomutsa.
Vadiwa vadzidzi,
Ndine chokwadi chekuti, nevadzidzisi vakanaka vamuinavo, ruzivo rwako rwedzidzo rwechikamu chekushanya rwakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura rwangu. Nekudaro, ndave nechekuita muhurongwa hweveruzhinji hwekushanya kweanenge makore makumi mana, kutanga padanho renyika yangu, France, zvino padanho repasi rose mukati meUN System, ndiri pachinzvimbo chekugovana newe chikamu chechiitiko chinoshanda icho. ndawana.
Ini ndichashandisa hunyanzvi uhu hwakaunganidzwa nekufamba kwemakore kugadzira gumi nemaviri ekurudziro, ayo anogona kukutungamira muhupenyu hwako hwemangwana.
Tourism yakakura kubva pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II
Chiratidzo chakanakisa chekuyera kushanya kwenyika dzese nhamba yevanosvika kune dzimwe nyika - vashanyi vanosvika nekugara kwehusiku humwe chete munyika isiri iyo yavanogara vachigara, vachinzwisiswa kuti vanoverengeka vanosvika munyika dzakasiyana vanogona kunyoreswa kune imwe chete rwendo kunze kwenyika.
Vashanyi vokuChina vanouya kuEurope vachaudza shamwari nehama dzavo kuti vanonyatsoziva England, France, Italy, neSwitzerland nokuti vakashanyira nyika ina muvhiki imwe chete.
Kutaura idi, vakaona zvidimbu zviviri zvounyanzvi pamamirioni manomwe akaungana muBritish Museum; vakava nekariro paTour Eiffel pasina kukwira nhanho 1,665 XNUMX dzinoenda kumusoro (kana kuti kukwira maelevator) uye pasina kudya kwemasikati muresitorendi yayo yakakurumbira; vakamhanya nemuColiseum, vachitsvaga gelati, vasina ruzivo rwenhoroondo yeRoma yekare; vakaona kubva kure kure Matterhorn, pasina kukwira pamusoro, kusvetuka pamateru ayo kana kunyange, kune vane usimbe zvikuru, vachigara kwehusiku mune imwe yemahotera epamusoro-soro emusha wakanaka weZermatt!
Kune ichi chizvarwa chitsva chinoshamisa chevafambi, iyo selfie yave chinangwa pachayo, yakakosha kupfuura saiti kana chiyeuchidzo chakashanyirwa.
Iwe waizonyatsoziva sei London usingapedze maawa akati wandei mune yechinyakare pub uye kuravira akawanda marudzi edoro?
Ko Paris pasina a café creme paTerace yeQuartier Latin?
Roma dai usina kuravira dolce vita uye chisvusvuro (kana zvichibvira, nemunhu akanaka) painodziya zhizha usiku muna Trastevere?
Uye Switzerland pasina kunakidzwa a fondue achiperekedzwa nezvimwe zvinonaka Fendant waini kana kunze kune sinou?
Usadzidzire tourism usingaoni uye nekukasira.
Vadiwa vadzidzi,
Huwandu hwevanhu vasvika pasi rose hwakakwira kubva pamamiriyoni makumi maviri nemashanu muna 25 kusvika 1950 miriyoni muna 165, 1970 miriyoni muna 950, kusvika 2010 miriyoni muna 1,475, gore risati rasvika Covid.
IEurope ichiri, pamberi peAsia, nzvimbo yekutanga munyika yose yevanosvika kune dzimwe nyika, ine 53 muzana yevose vanosvika muna 2019. Nzvimbo shanu dzepamusoro munyika yose iFrance, Spain, United States, Turkey neItaly.
Asi kushanya kunopfuura kungoitika kune dzimwe nyika.
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vanosvika mudzimba vanokosha 5 kana 6 kupfuura vanosvika kune dzimwe nyika. Tichataura nezve iyo yakakosha chikamu kana tauya kuCOVID.
Zvimwe zviratidzo zviviri kuyera huremu hwehupfumi hwekushanyirwa kwenyika imari inoshandiswa kunze kwenyika nevafambi uye mari inowanwa nevemakambani ekushanya nekuda kwekushanya uku.
Chokwadi, uwandu hwavo hwakaenzana pasi rose; asi kuparara kuri pakati penyika kwakasiyana zvikuru kana ukafunga nezvemarisiti, kune rumwe rutivi, uye mari inoshandiswa, kune rumwe rutivi.
Marisiti epasi rose (kana mashandisirwo) akange asvika pakakwirira muna 2019, aine 1,494 bhiriyoni emadhora eUS - ndinodzokorora: 1,494 bhiriyoni.
Vashanu vari kuwana mari yepamusoro iUnited States, Spain, United Kingdom, neItaly.
United States neChina vanogovana chinzvimbo chekutanga chekushandisa kwevagari vadzo kunze kwenyika. Dzinoteverwa neGermany, France, neUnited Kingdom.
Tourism, chikamu chenyika itsva yepasi rose
Vanababa naanamai,
kushanya kwakakonzera kudyidzana kwepasi rose sezvo kona yega yega yepasi redu, kunyangwe Antarctic, mazuva ano yashanyirwa nechikamu chimwe muzvishanu chevagari vayo.
Muna 1950, nyika gumi neshanu dzinotungamira dzakagamuchira dzaitora 15 muzana yehuwandu hwekusvika kune dzimwe nyika. Muna 87, nzvimbo gumi neshanu dzinotungamira (vazhinji vacho vatsva) dzinongoita 2022 muzana yehuwandu. Dzimwe nyika makumi maviri dzinogamuchira vanopfuura mamiriyoni gumi vashanyi vekunze.
Tourism, nekuda kwehukuru hwayakatora mukutsinhana kwepasirese kwevanhu nezvemari, yatanga kudyidzana zvachose nezvimwe zviitiko zvakachinja zvakafanana pasi rose, zvichimutsa dzimwe nguva kusangana kunoshamisa.
Rega nditore muenzaniso wechando chegore ra2015-2016 chairatidza zvakakwana kudyidzana pakati pekushanya kwenyika dzakasiyana-siyana uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvekudyidzana kwepasi rose.
Vafambi vakanga vasingazivi kwokuenda, vaodzwa mwoyo nokushayikwa kwechando kunokonzerwa nemamiriro okunze anodziya muAlps, kutya kurwiswa nemagandanga munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzeMediterranean, uye kuramba kuenda kuzvitsuwa zveCaribbean, uko kwakabuda chirwere chitsva, chirwere cheZika, chakaitika.
Zviri nani kugara pamba mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro!
Mimwe mifananidzo yekudyidzana kunoshamisa zvakadaro inogona kuoneka munguva pfupi yapfuura muzvitsuwa zveGreece, muLampedusa, kana kuMalta, nevaenzi vezororo vachisangana pamahombekombe vanotama vanobva kuTurkey, Tunisia, kana Libya. F
Gavhuna weFlorida akapomera vanotama kubva kuMexico kuti vauye neCCIDID-19 muHurumende kana nyanzvi dzichifunga kuti zvingangoita kuti kuvhiyiwa kwacho kwakabva kuvashanyi. Panguva imwe cheteyo, gavhuna uyu akanga achikurudzira kuva purezidhendi anotevera weUnited States.
Mumwaka miviri yezhizha yapfuura, nzvimbo dzakati wandei dzeMediterranean, dzakaita seGreece, Turkey, Spain, France, nePortugal, dzakakanganiswa nemoto wemusango wakanyanya unofambiswa nekudziya kwepasi uye tembiricha yakanyanyisa iyo inokonzeresa. Vashanyi vaifanira kutiza mahotera nemisasa.
Zvakafanana zvakaitika kuchitsuwa cheGreece cheRhodes zhizha rino.
Nyika dzimwe chetedzo dziri kurwisana panguva imwe chete kuti dzideredze kuyerera kwevatorwa vari kumaodzanyemba kweSahara vari kuedza kuenda kuEurope.
Nhasi, 2,5 muzana yehuwandu hwepasi rose inoumbwa nevanobva kune dzimwe nyika. Uye kutama kunozoguma nenzira isinganzvengeki kubva kudziya kwepasi hakusati kwatanga!
Sezvo nezuro havana kuvhara gore reradioactive reChornobyl, miganhu yenyika haina kukwanisa kumisa hutachiona, sekusamisa vanotama.
Usambofa wakatenda kuti kuvhara miganhu kuchagadzirisa dambudziko rako.
Dzimwe tsaona dzinogona kuitika, zvichimisa kukura kwekushanya.
Vanababa naanamai,
tourism chinhu chakaoma kunzwisisa. Iwe haunganzwisise maitiro ayo chaiwo kana maitiro ako ari ezvehupfumi kana chete akavakirwa pakushambadzira. Iri ndiro shoko rangu guru kwauri nhasi.
Tourism, pamberi pezvese, ibasa rakawanda uye rakachinjika.
Chokutanga pane zvose, nokuti ine hukama nemamwe makuru makuru ehupfumi, sezvekudya nekurima, simba, zvifambiso, kuvaka, maindasitiri ezvemachira, uye mabasa emaoko, kuburikidza nepakati mashandisirwo aanoshandisa kugadzira zvawo.
Sezvinoratidzwa neUNCTAD, kune rimwe basa rakagadzirwa muindasitiri yekushanya, mamwe maviri anogona kugadzirwa mune mamwe matunhu ehupfumi.
Chechipiri, sezvatotaurwa, kushanya kunosangana nezvimwe zviitiko zvepasirese:
Zvakatipoteredza uye kusvibiswa kukuru, mamiriro ekunze, zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, demografia uye kutama, hutano, mhosva dzepasi rose uye hugandanga.
Ndosaka kana tichitaura nezve tourism, tinotaura nezve geopolitics. Chinhu chakakosha ichi chinotsanangura tsaona dzine chekuita nekunze izvo zvinogona kudzikisira kana kukanganisa kukura kwekushanya.
Mumakore achangopfuura, njodzi huru mbiri dzakaitika:
kuderera kwehupfumi kwehafu yechipiri ya2008 uye hafu yekutanga ya2009, nekuda subprime dambudziko remari, uye kudonha kunoshamisa kwemakore 2020 na2021 semhedzisiro yedenda reCovid, iyo yakaonekwa muChina mukati mechikamu chechina che2019.
Muna 2020, nhamba yevakasvika kune dzimwe nyika yakadzika kusvika ku407 mamiriyoni; 2021 yakanga ichiri yakaoma; asi kudzokororwa kwave kwakasimba muna 2022 nevanosvika 963 miriyoni pasi rose. Asi kupora hakusati kwapera. Hatisati tanyatso dzokera munzira yekukura kwenhoroondo yekushanyirwa kwenyika dzakawanda.
Saizvozvo, marisiti ezvekushanya epasi rose akakamurwa nembiri muna 2020 zvichienzaniswa ne2019 nekuda kweCCIDID-19, uye vachiri muna 2022, vaine bhiriyoni 1,031, pazvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zve pre-dambudziko.
Kunonoka kupora kwekushanya kweChinese chikamu chetsananguro.
Izvi zvinogona kuongororwa kana iwe uchienzanisa mashandisirwo ekunze evafambi veAmerica neChinese. Muna 2019, vashanyi vekuChina vaishanyira dzimwe nyika vakashandisa zvakapetwa kaviri huwandu hwakashandiswa nevanhu vekuAmerica.
Muna 2022, sezvave kutaurwa, huwandu hwakanga hwakanyanya kana kushoma zvakafanana. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti nyika dzeAmerica neEurope dzakavhurazve miganhu yadzo pamberi peAsia.
Ngatifungei kuti zvichave zvakasiyana muna 2023, ikozvino maChinese anogona zvakare kuwana akasununguka nyika yese.
Maererano nefungidziro yeWHO, vanhu vangangosvika mamirioni manomwe vakafa neCovid, asi kushanya kuchiri kurarama!
Mabviro uye kufambira mberi kwematambudziko akasiyana ane kushanya kwakakanganiswa hakuna kufanana.
Matambudziko matatu makuru emakore makumi maviri apfuura - tsunami ya2004, dambudziko rezvemari ra2008-2009, uye denda reCovid 2020-2022- rave rakasiyana zvakanyanya mune zvakasikwa. Kurongeka kwezvinhu kwakanga kusina kufanana.
The 2004 tsunami muIndia Ocean yaive yekutanga yezvakatipoteredza, isati yave yehupfumi nemagariro, kunyanya kuIndonesia neThailand.
Kutanga nekudonha kwebhangi Lehman Brothers, ivo subprime crisis pakutanga rakanga riri rezvemari, tevere rezvemari, ipapo rakava nzanga nokuwedzera kwourovha.
Kufanana neSARS muna 2002-2003 kana 2006 Avian flu pamberi payo, iyo COVID-19 dambudziko yaive yemaitiro akasiyana zvachose, anenge akasiyana:
Chekutanga, hutsanana, tevere hwemagariro (uye kune imwe nhanho yetsika) ipapo hupfumi, uye pakupedzisira - kunyanya nekuda kwemutengo wemapakeji ekudzoreredza akatangwa nehurumende - zvakare zvemari. Nekuda kweizvozvo, muzviitiko zvese izvi, chikwereti cheruzhinji chakawedzera.
Makore makumi maviri zvisati zvaitika, iyo SARS yanga iri kudzidzira kweCCIDID-19.
Asi kechipiri tanga takatarisana nedenda - dambudziko repasi rose. Yakanga isiri yehutano nekuchengetedzeka chete, asiwo nezve kwainosvika kuvhara miganhu yavo, kusawirirana kwevamiriri nyika dzinopikisa, mabhizinesi achimisa mabasa avo, kushaikwa kwemabasa, uye mhedzisiro yezvematongerwo enyika.
Ngatitarisei pazvinhu zviviri zvikuru zvinokatyamadza: subprime uye Covid.
Muna 2009, vanhu vazhinji vakarega kufamba nekuti vaive vakabatikana nebasa kana muhoro wavo.
Muna 2020, anenge munhu wese akamira kufamba nezvikonzero zvakafanana,
..asi zvakare, nekuti zvimhingamupinyi zvanga zvanyanya, rairo dzekufamba uye zvirambidzo zvaive zvapihwa nehurumende zhinji, nzira dzekufambisa dzaive dzakamira, kuyambuka miganhu kwaive kusingaite, uye vanhu vainzwa vari panjodzi yehupenyu hwavo kana yavo. utano uchifamba muzvitima zvakazara vanhu, mabhazi kana ndege.
Munguva yekuvhara, vanhu vazhinji vanga vasina mukana kana chishuwo chekushandisa mari yavo pakufamba.
Maresitorendi, mabhawa, makirabhu eusiku, uye karaoke pamwe nezvitoro zvakawanda zvakavharwa, mitambo netsikawo, uye zororo rakanga risingabviri..
Somugumisiro, kuvhiringidzika kwakawedzera.
Pamwe kupfuura kwese kwese, kushushikana kwakanyanya kwainzwika muChina sezvo mutemo wekuvhara uye zvipimo zvakatemerwa pakufamba kwepasirese nekumba kwave kwakanyanya kupfuura kune dzimwe nyika.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, mari zhinji dzakachengetwa dzakaitwa nemhuri. KuEU, mari yakasara inomiririra chikamu chimwe chete kubva muzana cheGDP yegore rimwe chete.
Asi tinovimba, izvi zvave zvenguva pfupi. Matenga akajeka. Zvisinei, chido chisingagutsikane chekufamba chichiripo.
Shanje dzekutora zororo uye kuva nezororo riripo kupfuura kare. Mari dzakakura dzakaunganidzwa dziripo uye dzinogona kushandiswa nekukasira kana mikana yekufamba inoyevedza ikakumbirwa kune vatengi. Idzi hadzisi nhau dzakaipa kuindasitiri yedu.
Vadiwa vadzidzi,
mushure mekutambudzika kukuru kwega kwega munhoroondo yekushanya kwenyika, chiitiko chemuripo chine zvakaitika. Nechikonzero ichi chakakosha, kudzokororwa kwaizoitika mushure meCovid.
Yakatotanga muna 2022. Mibvunzo chete - asi haisi midiki! - zviri pamusoro pesimba rayo uye kukwanisa kwegadziriro yekushandura chikamu chekutanga chekudzikinura kuva kuwedzera kusingaperi.
Matambudziko mashanu: subprime, SARS muAsia, Covid, kusvibiswa kukuru kwegungwa muFrance uye tsunami
Rega ndienzanisire uye ndiruramise fungidziro yangu pamusoro pemhando dzakasiyana dzematambudziko ane mashoma anecdotes.
Subprimes:
Mukupera kwegore ra2008, takaita muchivakwa chemuzinda weUN muNew York mumwe wemisangano miviri yegore negore yeUN Chief Executives Board, boka rinounganidza vakuru vemasangano nezvirongwa zveSystem pamwe nevakuru vesangano. World Bank neIMF.
Dambudziko rezvemari rakanga ratanga, uye zvaive pachena kubva pakutanga kuti kwaisazova kushanduka kuri nyore.
Mukuru weVapoteri, Antonio Guterres, zvino ari Munyori Mukuru weUnited Nations, akauya kwandiri.
Akataura pfungwa yekuti kushanya, nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwayo kune zvinokatyamadza zvekunze, kwaizokanganiswa zvakanyanya kupfuura mamwe mapazi ekutengeserana kwenyika. Seaichimbova Prime Minister wePortugal, ainyanya kufarira bato randakanga ndichitarisira.
Ndakatenda Guterres nekukumbira kwake asi ndakamuudza kuti ndakanga ndisiri kugovera maonero ake.
Takanga takatarisana panguva iyoyo dambudziko rakanga riri rezvemari nehupfumi chete.
Haisati iri yekutengeserana, yemagariro, kana yezvematongerwo enyika seyo huru iyo nyika yakapfuura nemairi mumakore makumi matatu.
Ndakaudza wandaishanda naye kuti ndaiva netarisiro zvine mwero uye kuti, semaonero angu, kukanganiswa kwebasa rekushanya kwaizova kushoma.
Izvi ndezvezvikonzero zviviri.
Chekutanga, nekuti dambudziko racho raigona kukanganisa kunyanya North America neWestern Europe, uye zvishoma Asia; uye panguva iyoyo, misika yeAsia inogadzira yakanga yatove ichiwedzera injini yekukura kwekushanya.
Chechipiri, nekuti chishuwo chekuva nekuzorora uye kufamba chaive chakadzika mupfungwa dzevanhu dzimba dzepamusoro nepakati-avo vanofamba-vachaganhurira mari yavo pazvinhu zvikuru sedzimba kana kutenga mota nyowani, asi. havazobayiri mazororo avo.
Zvinotevera zvinoratidza kuti ongororo iyi yaive yechokwadi.
SARS uye Covid.
Muna 2002-2003, nedambudziko reSARS, mamiriro akange akasiyana zvakanyanya.
Ndine hurombo kutaura pano, muGuangzhou, kuti kutapurira kwekutanga kwehutachiona hutsva kubva kumhuka kuenda kumunhu kwakaitika pane rimwe purazi mudunhu reGuangdong, uye kuti huku dzakagadzirwa ipapo dzaitengeswa muguta rino, mumusika wekare wekudya. .
Kana zviri zveCCIDID-19, kwakabva, nzira yekutapurirana nayo, uye hunhu chaihwo hwehutachiona pakutanga hwaive chakavanzika chakazara, kusava nechokwadi kwakakonzera kuvhunduka.
Kusiyana nemutsivi wayo, Covid, iyo SARS haina kumboenda pasi rose.
Kunze kwezviitiko zvishoma muToronto, Canada, yakaramba iri chikamu cheAsia. Kunyangwe hazvo yakanganisa nhamba shoma yenyika, kukanganisa kwayo mukuyerera kwekushanya kwaive kwehukuru hukuru kudunhu reAsia-Pacific.
Sezvakangoita COVID-19, kushanya yaive mota yechirwere, sezvo yakawedzera kubva kune imwe nyika kuenda kune imwe nevafambi uye akabatwa nayo..
Nyika zhinji dzeAsia, kunze kwemakesi mashoma anotengeswa kunze kwenyika, haana kumbobvira atambura nekutapurirana kwenharaunda kweSARS.
Kunyange zvakadaro, nhau huru yakatanga, isingaite mutsauko pakati penyika dzine chekuita.
Kune vezvenhau, Asia yese yakasvibiswa. Nzvimbo dzakachengeteka dzakatambura sedzimwe kubva mukuderera kunoshamisa kwenhamba yevashanyi vanosvika.
Mune zvimwe zvinhu, iyo SARS yanga isiri denda chete asi zvakare infodemic.
Vadiwa vadzidzi,
Inedambudziko remamiriro ezvinhu, kutaurirana kwakakosha,
…uye mutemo unotevedzwa ndewekuti unofanira kutamba pachena uye usambovanza chokwadi. Kunyanya iko zvino zvatapinda munguva yemasocial network, zvaunenge uchinyengerera zvine mukana wese wekubuda pachena, nemhedzisiro inouraya.
Kutaura chokwadi hakusi kungozvibata chete, isarudzo yakanakisa inopa mubairo.
Mienzaniso mizhinji inopembedza fungidziro iyi inogona kuwanikwa mune dzakasiyana uye dzimwe nguva dzakapesana nemaitiro akaita nyika dzakaita seEgypt, Tunisia, Morocco, kana Turkey mushure mekurwiswa nemagandanga kune vashanyi nenzvimbo dzevashanyi.
Mu 2002, apo the Ghriba, sinagogi rekare reDjerba, rakarwiswa nevamwe vaMuslim vanoomerera pakutenda, vanhu 19 vakafa;
Hurumende yeTunisia yakaedza kunyepedzera kuti kuputika kwakaitika netsaona.
Chokwadi chakakurumidza kuziviswa, uye yakanga iri ngwavaira nokuda kwokushanya kwenyika dzakawanda munyika yacho.
Muna Chivabvu gore rino, kurwiswa kwakafanana kwakaitika panzvimbo imwechete, vanhu vashanu vakaurayiwa, asi panguva ino zviremera zvakaridza kadhi rekubuda pachena, uye pakanga pasina mhedzisiro.
Kusvibiswa kwegungwa.
Semurairidzi wechidiki wegurukota rezvekushanyirwa kwenyika reFrance, ndaifanira kubata muna 1978 nekusvibiswa kukuru kwaibva kungarava huru yeAmoco Cadiz, iyo yakaburitsa matani mazana maviri nemakumi matatu ezviuru zvemafuta pamhenderekedzo yekuchamhembe kweBritain - nzvimbo yakakosha yevashanyi munyika yedu.
Makiromita 375 emhenderekedzo yegungwa akasvibiswa zvakanyanya mune yave iri imwe yenjodzi dzakaipisisa munhoroondo pasi rose. Takaita zvese zvataigona kuti tive pachena. Takakoka vatori venhau vekune dzimwe nyika uye vafambisi vevashanyi kubva kumisika mikuru yekugadzira kuti vashanyire nzvimbo yenjodzi.
Vakaona migumisiro yokusvibiswa kwakaipisisa, asiwo kuedza kukuru kwakaitwa kuchenesa nokukurumidza mahombekombe nematombo uye kuponesa shiri dzegungwa. Takavaratidzawo, nemwedzi unonaka wezuva waJune, mhenderekedzo yegungwa yakanga isina kukanganisa, uye kunaka kwemukati wenharaunda. Pakupera kwezuva, tapuro paindasitiri yokushanya yomunzvimbomo yakanga iri shoma.
Iva nemaitiro ekupindura matambudziko. Iva wakajeka nguva dzose kana uchifanira kutaurirana mumamiriro ezvinhu echimbichimbi.
Vadiwa vadzidzi,
ziva kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu anonetsa, kubatikana kwezvinobudisa nhau hakusi kutaura nokutendeseka chokwadi uye nomutoo wakajeka chokwadi chiri pasi; ndiko kuwedzera vateereri vavo. Kana izvi zvasanganiswa nekusaziva uye kusagona kwevashandi vekushanya, zvinogona kutungamirira kunjodzi.
Tsunami - Nhema dzeIndonesia
Panguva ye26th yaDecember 2004 ine chisimba tsunami yakarova dunhu reAceh kuchamhembe kweSumatra, uko kwakanyoreswa kufa kwevanhu mazana maviri ezviuru, kushanya muIndonesia yese kwakabva kwamira. S
Sumatra yakanga isiri nzvimbo yakakurumbira, avo vakaurayiwa vakanga vari pakati pevagari vemo kwete pakati pevashanyi, asi nhau dzepasi rose dzakataura kuIndonesia yose, kwete kune chimwe chezvitsuwa zve18,000.
Pasina chikonzero, Bali, nhamba yekutanga yekushanya yekushanya yenyika, yakasiiwa. Vafambisi vekushanyira, kusanganisira veChinese, vakadzima nekukasira rwendo rwavo kuchitsuwa cheparadisiac.
Vanababa naanamai,
Sumatra neBali dziri mumakungwa maviri akasiyana, uye chinhambwe nemhepo pakati peBanda Aceh neDenpasar makiromita 2,700.
Usambovimba nenhepfenyuro. Usambofa wakavimba nesocial network. Vimba nekutonga kwako pachako (kana mumwe wemukuru wako).
Kubatsira mukudzoreredza tourism mudunhu, UNWTO yakaita musangano wechimbichimbi weMutungamiriri wayo muPhuket, pamhenderekedzo yeAndamans yeThailand, mwedzi mumwe chete mushure memusangano. tsunami.
Takasvika usiku panzvimbo iyo vashanyi 2,000 XNUMX vakanga varasikirwa noupenyu hwavo.
makenduru 2,000 2,000 akabatidzwa pajecha akanga achitiyeuchidza kuti mweya ine zviuru zviviri yakanga yabva pamhenderekedzo iyoyo.
Pachiitiko ichi, ndakadzidza kubva kune aive gurukota renyika panguva iyoyo, Thaksin Shinawatra, kuti dambudziko rinowanzogara rakapetwa kaviri:
Izwi rechiChinese raunaro re "dambudziko" -weiji- zvinoreva panguva imwechete "njodzi" uye "mukana".
Dambudziko re tsunami ra2004 raigona kunge riri mukana wekuvaka kushanya kwakasimba uye kwakasimba.
Izvi hazvina kuitika. Hurumende nemakambani vakafuratira chidzidzo ichi, uye kunyangwe takakurudzira, vakavakazve zvivakwa pedyo zvakanyanya nemuganhu wegungwa.
Kana njodzi ikaitika, tarisa kana chimwe chinhu chakanaka chinogona kuwanikwa kubva mairi.
SARS:
Asi ngatidzokei kuSARS.
Chinangwa cheWorld Tourism Organisation chaive chekudzikamisa kukonzeresa dambudziko paindasitiri yekushanya yeAsia nekuendesa meseji yakadzikama kupfuura iyo apocalyptic inofambiswa nevatori venhau.
Taive pamberi pedu sarudzo yakaoma yekuita: kuchengetedza kana kusaita chikamu cheGeneral Assembly yedu, yaizoitwa muBeijing muna Mbudzi 2003.
Ndakanga ndatanga hukama hwehushamwari nemumiriri weWorld Health Organisation muChina.
Pakupera kwaMay, akauya kwandiri, achitaura kuti akanga ane murangariro wokuti nhongonya yedenda yakanga yasvikwa; asi ruzivo rwaifanira kusimbiswa.
Ndakafonera He Guangwei, gurukota rezvekushanyirwa kwenyika reChina, ndikamukurudzira kuti auye kuMadrid kuzotaura nekutendeka uye kusataura rurimi mumatama, mamiriro enyika yake kune Executive Council yedu.
Takasarudza kuchengetedza Gungano redu sezvakarongwa, tichiendesa kune iyo indasitiri meseji yekuvimba.
Gungano rakabudirira. Utachiona hunouraya hwakanga hwapera. Pachiitiko ichi, WTO yakafunga kushandurwa kwayo kuita sangano rakasarudzika reUN System.
Usanyara. Usazeza kutora dzimwe njodzi dzakaverengerwa.
Zvatakadzidza kubva kuCovid: Diversification uye Flexibility.
Vadiwa vadzidzi,
rega nditaure pfungwa yekuti, ikozvino, neCovid kumashure kwedu, mukana wenhoroondo unopihwa. Mhedzisiro yedambudziko rehutsanana iri risati ramboitika rinogona kushandurwa kuita mukana usingatarisirwe wekuenda kune kuwedzera kusimba muindasitiri yekushanya.
Diversification imwe yemakiyi.
Kupfuura nehutachiona pachahwo, nzvimbo dzekuenda dzakakanganiswa nezvipingaidzo zvekutonga uye zvehutsanana izvo zvavakaisa kuti vadzivirire vagari vemo kubva kuchirwere ichi, asiwo nemipimo yekufamba yakatemerwa nenyika dzinogadzira kune vagari vadzo.
Pakati peakanyanya kurova zvakanyanya inzvimbo dzekuenda dzakatsamira pane yakasarudzika uye isina njodzi chigadzirwa chekushanya.
Zvimwe zvitsuwa zveCaribbean, pamwe nenzvimbo dzinofananidzira dzakaita seVenice, vakaziva kuti vaisagona kuramba vachirarama nezviwanikwa zvakakonzerwa nekumira kwengarava hombe.
Nzira dzisiri dzakasimba dzekushanya senge rwendo rwekufamba nendege, rwendo rwekufamba nendege, kushanya kwebhizinesi, mapaki evaraidzo, nenzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro dzekushanya, dzakatambura kupfuura zvimwe zvikamu zvemusika kubva padenda.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu ematambudziko, zvakakosha kuti usanyanya kutsamira pane imwe chete kana pane nhamba shomanana yekugadzira misika.
Nyika dzeSouth-East Asia, dzakaita seThailand, Vietnam, neCambodia, pamusoro pezvirambidzo zvavakazvimisira pakushanya, dzakarohwa nekushaikwa kwevashanyi vekuChina sezvo vagari vekuChina vakarega kupihwa mvumo yekufamba kunze kwenyika uye kudzokera kumusha mushure mezvo. .
Indonesia yakanga isina kuvapo kwevaAustralia;
Canada, Mexico, uye Bahamas iyo yeAmerica.
Nzvimbo dzakaita seMalta neCyprus, zvakanyanya zvichienderana nemusika weBritish unobuda, dzakakanganiswa zvakanyanya nekurambidzwa kuenda kunze kwenyika kwakatemerwa zvizvarwa zvayo nehurumende yeUK.
Izvi ndizvo zvakaitikawo kunharaunda dzeFrance dziri muCaribbean neIndian Ocean.
Sezvineiwo, kushanya kumaruwa kwakaratidza kusimba kwayo kwakasimba nekuda kwekusimudzira kwayo kwepamusoro
Mumakomo eAlps, misha yepakati-refu, seyandiri kugara, iyo inopa huwandu hwakawanda hwemitambo yemwaka mina, yetsika uye yekutandara, yakaramba zvakanyanya kusvika pakuvhunduka, apo nzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro dzakanzwa kusagadzikana. kuve akazvipira zvakazara kutsika yealpine skiing, panguva iyo ma lifts aifanira kuvharwa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvehutsanana.
Kupa huwandu hwakakura hwemasevhisi akasiyana-siyana ekushanya uye kuwedzera tsika nemitambo zviitiko gore rose inzira yekuenda kumakomo kudzikisa kuwanda kwemwaka wechiitiko.
Mubasa rako remangwana, usanyanya kuvimba nemusika mumwe chete, chigadzirwa chimwe chete, kana mudiwa mumwechete
Kuchinjika kunokosha zvakaenzana.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu anonetsa, nzvimbo dzekuenda, uye kunyanya indasitiri yekugamuchira vaeni, inofanirwa kuchinjika nekukurumidza kune shanduko mune yepasirese panorama uye ichienda kune imwe musika, kana yakajairika yakavhara kamwe kamwe.
Zvirongwa zvekudzidzisa zvevashandi zvakakosha kupindura kune dambudziko iroro. Kuwedzera digitalization yemabasa mazhinji uye maitiro zvakare chikamu chemhinduro.
Iko kuvandudzwa kwe e-tourism uye yemhando nyowani yepekugara yakabhukitwa zvakananga online nevatengi inogona zvakare kuunza kushanduka kwakawanda mumufananidzo.
Kuchinjika mukuenderana nekuvapo kwevatengi vanobva kunyika dzakasiyana, kune akasiyana-siyana simba rekutenga, mitauro, kuravira, uye maitiro, ivimbiso yekuchengetedza.
Nzvimbo dzinonyanya kufarirwa dzeSpain dzemahombekombe egungwa dzeCosta Brava neCosta del Sol, kunyangwe seni iwe ukadziona dzakashata, dzakazara vanhu, dzine ruzha, uye dzisinganakidzi, muenzaniso mune izvi. Vanokwanisa kugara kwegore rose munhamba huru yevashanyi vanobva kunyika dzakasiyana, mapoka, kana tsika.
Iva akazaruka kune shanduko munzvimbo yako yekushanda. Iva anochinjika nepaunogona napo. Usataure Chirungu chete asiwo mumwe mutauro wokumwe.
Vanababa naanamai,
mumazuva mashoma, ndichange ndiri muruwa rwekumaruwa rwekuChina rwandinonyatsoziva, rweGuizhou.
Vanoedza kusimudzira nharaunda yacho semuenzaniso wekuenda, vachipa nzvimbo dzemusikirwo dzisina kumbobatwa, nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa, uye mvura yakachena.
Panguva imwecheteyo, vachangobva kushandura dzimwe dzenzvimbo dzavo dzepamusoro dzakaita seHuangguoshu Falls nebako reDragon Palace, kuita mamwe marudzi emapaki evaraidzo, akavhenekerwa nemavara anopenya sepingi, orenji, uye violet.
Vashanyi vechiChinese vangachida; vafambi vokune dzimwe nyika mukutsvaka kwavo uchokwadi, vachaodzwa mwoyo.
Kuchamhembe kwepurovhinzi, padhuze neRwizi rweChishui, une iyo inoshamisa inonzi Danxia inopa matombo matsvuku neorenji nemawere, kwaunogona kuwana ferns yemiti kubva kuJurassic nguva uye kunyange madhindiro emadinosaur.
Ivo vari pedyo nekupfuura Steven Spielberg neJurassic Park itsva!
Usambofa wakakanganwa kuti vashanyi vanobva kunyika dzakasiyana vanoita havana zvavanofarira uye zvavanotarisira zvakafanana.
Zvinangwa zvezviitwa zvekusimudzira zvinoitiswa nehurumende nevakuru venzvimbo vachidyidzana nevemakambani akazvimirira zvinofanirwa kugadziridzwawo zviri nyore kana mamiriro akangoerekana achinja.
Ini ndinorangarira ndaona mapepa emushandirapamwe unodhura wekusimudzira kubva mudunhu reGuizhou pamadziro eParis metro munaKurume 2020, panguva iyo nguva zhinji yepasi pevhu yaive zero nekuda kwekuvharika, uye chero zvakadaro zvaisaita. Vagari veFrance kubhururuka kuenda kuChina!
Kukanzura danidziro yacho nekukurumidza nekuda kwekupambadzwa kwemari kwayaifanira kumiririra hakuna kuuya mupfungwa dzevakuru vehurumende.
Iva wakagadzirira kugadzira zvisarudzo zvakaoma pese pazvinenge zvakakodzera.
Chidzidzo chechiitiko ichi munhoroondo yekushanya kwenyika chakajeka:
In iyo itsva tourism panorama, nzvimbo dzekuenda dzinofanira kutarisa kuwedzera kusiyanisa kwemisika yavari kuvimba nayo. Vachafanirwa kuchinjisa zvigadzirwa zvavanenge vachipa uye kukwidziridzwa kwavari kuita kuitira kuti vave pachinzvimbo chekupindura nekukurumidza kune shanduko yenharaunda.
Diversification uye kuchinjika zvakaiswa pamwechete zvinoreva kusimba.
Kutsvaga kwekuwedzera kusimba kunosanganisira mune dzakawanda zviitiko kubhadhara zvakanyanya kumusika wayo wepamba. Munguva yeCovid, mabhizinesi mazhinji ekushanya muChina akapona nekuti akakwanisa kutendeukira kumusika wemuno. Munguva yezhizha ra2020 na2021, mahombekombe eItaly akanga akazara nevanhu vokuItaly, uye mahombekombe eSpain akanga akazara nevanhu vokuSpain. Vashanyi vomumba vakatsiva vafambi vokune dzimwe nyika. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo njodzi chaiyo yakadziviswa.
Chero rudzi rwebhizinesi rako, usambofa wakakanganwa musika wepamba.
Kudziya kwepasi rose, kutyisidzira kuri pedyo ushanyi
Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze chinhu chisingarambiki chinokanganisa zvikamu zvese zveindasitiri yezvekushanya, asi kwete muchiyero nemaitiro akafanana.
Madzimai nevarume, kushanya hakuna mhosva mukuipa kwechiitiko ichi: kana ukabatanidza zvekufambisa nendege, zvinopa pakati pezvina kusvika zvishanu kubva muzana mukuburitswa kwemagasi ane greenhouse maitiro.
PaGrand Barrier yeAustralia, kucheneswa kwemakorari kwatove mberi zvikuru.
Kana makorari afa, chikamu chikuru chezvipenyu zvepasi pegungwa chinonyangarika, uye zvakawanda zvinokwezva zvevashanyi zvinewo. Kukwirira kwemwero wegungwa uye madutu ane simba anotyisidzira kuvapo chaiko kwemamwe mahombekombe ane mukurumbira, sezvandakaona munzvimbo yekuMexico yekuCancun.
Kushanya kwemakomo marefu ndiko kwekutanga kubatwa nemhirizhonga iyoyo sezvo, sezvakaratidzwa neUN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), kuwedzera kweavhareji yetembiricha yakakwira zvakanyanya mukukwirira.
Sezvakataurwa neUNESCO: "makomo ndiwo anonyanya kugadzikana ecosystem kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye ari kukanganiswa nekukurumidza kupfuura dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi". Rega ndisimbise kuti mhedziso iyi yakakosha sei kuChina, nyika ine zvikamu makumi mana kubva muzana zvenzvimbo iri pamusoro pe40 metres ekukwirira.
Zvinoenda pasina kutaura kuti iyo ine simba ski indasitiri iri panjodzi kupfuura chero imwe chikamu kune chiitiko chekudziya kwepasirese.
Pakati pa1880 na2012, avhareji tembiricha muAlps yakawedzera neinopfuura maviri madhigirii Celsius, uye maitiro ari kuwedzera.
Sinou nechando, izvo zvekutanga zvekushandisa pakushanya kwechando, zviri kuramba zvichishomeka. Munzvimbo dzakakwirira, mwaka unotonhora uri kupera, mazaya echando uye permafrost ari kunyunguduka, mitsetse yechando ichidzokera shure, chifukidziro chechando chiri kupera, uye zviwanikwa zvemvura yakachena zviri kushomeka.
Mumusha wangu wemakomo kuChamhembe kweFrench Alps, kuvharwa kwechando kunowanikwa 200 kana 300 metres yakakwirira kupfuura panguva yehudiki hwangu (ndiri kutaura pano kunguva refu kwazvo!). Kubva 1980, ski resort seAspen muColorado yakarasikirwa nemwedzi mumwe wechando.
Ongororo ichangoburwa yakaburitswa muongororo Mamiriro ekunze kuchinja kwemhepo yakagumisa kuti, mukufungidzira kwekuwedzera kwe2 degrees Celsius, 53 muzana ye2234 ski resorts iri muEurope, nhamba yekutanga yemitambo yechando, ichatambura nekushayikwa kwakanyanya kwechando. Muchiitiko chekuwedzera kwe4 madhigirii, 98 muzana yavo ichakanganiswa. Kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwechando chekugadzira kwaizoderedza zvikamu izvi, zvichiteerana, kusvika pa27 ne71 muzana.
Asi sinou yekugadzira haisi iyo panacea: kushanda zvakanaka, inoda kutonhora kwechando; mavhoriyamu akakosha emvura anodiwa; uye simba rinoshandiswa nemaitiro rinobatsira zvakare pakudziya.
Mutambo wacho ndewekuti chiitiko chisingadaviriki chekuwedzera kwe3 kusvika ku4-degree haisisiri fungidziro.
Yakava mamiriro ezvinhu anosuruvarisa asi anovimbika pakati pezana ramakore. IPCC's sixth Assessment Report yakaburitswa muna Nyamavhuvhu 2021 inoratidza zvisina mubvunzo kuti kudziya kwepasi kuri kuitika nekukurumidza pane kutyirwa.
Chibvumirano cheParis Chibvumirano chekukurumidza kudzikamisa kusvika pa1.5 degree Celsius kuwedzera kwetembiricha chave kuoneka sechisingasvikike.
Asi iyo ski indasitiri handiyo yega yakabatwa.
Zvimwe zvikamu zvekushanya kwemakomo zviri kutambura zvakare, senge izvo zvinoenderana nekuvapo kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvipenyu. Kuparara kwepermafrost kunokonzeresa kukuvadzwa kune zvivakwa, nematombo ane njodzi anodonha achityisidzira alpinists.
Mazaya echando ane 200,000 XNUMX, ayo ari kune mamwe acho anokwezva kushanyirwa kukuru, ari kunyunguduka uye ari kuderera munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenyika, zvikurukuru Alps, Andes, uye Himalayas.
Vanhu gumi nevaviri vakaurayiwa muna Chikunguru 2022 mukudonha kweItaly glacier yeLa Marmolada.
Muchidimbu, zvimhingamipinyi uye shanduko dzinobva mukudziya kwepasi zvichamanikidza vashandi vekushanya kwemakomo uye masangano ekutungamira kwekuenda kusiya zvimwe zviitiko kana kushandisa nzira dzinodhura dzekudzikisa uye kugadzirisa.
Kujairana nekudziya kwepasi uye kudzikisira kukanganisa kwayo kunomiririra matambudziko makuru akatarisana nekushanya kwemakomo - uye kushanya kwese- mune ramangwana rinoonekwa.
Chero bhizinesi rako remangwana, gara uchiyeuka kuti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inoburitsa chibvumirano chitsva chechiitiko chako
Nzira inoenda kumberi
Sezvineiwo, kudiwa kwekuwedzera kusimba kunokonzerwa nedenda rinotyisa iri kunosangana nedambudziko rakaiswa nekukosha kwekupindura kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze - chinhu chaivepo nguva iyi isati yasvika asi inongosimbiswa zvakasimba nemigumisiro yayo.
Nezuro njodzi, COVID inogona kushandurwa nhasi kuita mukana.
Sezvakataurwa mu2020 UN Policy Brief, "Dambudziko reCovid-19 inguva yekudiridza yekuona kusimba, kusanganisirwa, kusarerekera kabhoni uye kushandisa zviwanikwa. ramangwana”.
Nenzira imwecheteyo, OECD yakasimbisa muna Zvita 2020 kuti
"Dambudziko mukana wekufunga zvakare kushanya kweramangwana".
Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, uye sechidzidzo chedambudziko, kubhejera kumaruwa uye kushanya kwetsika kunozoonekwa kuvanhu vazhinji senzira iri nani pane kubhururuka uchienda kunzvimbo dzemahombekombe.
Zvichakadaro, zviremera zveveruzhinji nevamwe vane chekuita nekushanya vanogona kusvika pamhedziso yakafanana: yekuwana hupfumi hwakaenzana hwekupedzisira, chiedza uye “ngwara”Kushanya kwegirinhi kunoda mari shoma pane kushanya kwemaguta kana kushanya kwemahombekombe.
Vadiwa vadzidzi,
ngatitaure nezvehupfumi kwechinguva. Sezvamunongoziva mese, mari yekutanga inoitwa nemuenzi kunzvimbo yekuenda haifanirwe kudzikiswa kuita kamwechete.
Mari inoshandiswa mubhizimusi rekushanya - resitorendi, hotera, chitoro… - inounza kuyerera kwemari mune mamwe makambani ekushanya kana mumabhizinesi ari muzvikamu zvinoenderana, kuburikidza nekushandisa kwavo kwepakati, kana, kumhuri, kuburikidza nemihoro uye. purofiti yavanowana. Kuburikidza nekutevedzana kwemasaisai akanyanya, mari yekutanga inokanganisa kupera kwehupfumi hwese hwenzvimbo.
Izvi ndizvo zvinonzi, uchishandisa izwi reKeynesian, the multiplier effect yekushanya.
Chinokosha ndechekuti mafomu e kushanya kwakapfava izvo zvese zvekushanya kwemakomo (yakakwira altitude ski resorts isingabatanidzwe) uye yekushanya yekumaruwa inomiririra, inobvumira kuvepo kwepamusoro. multiplier effect, uye nokudaro kubatsira zvakasimba mukusika mabasa uye kupedza urombo.
Kana iwe ukagara muhotera yenyeredzi shanu, zviri pachena kuti uchapedza zuva nezuva zvakawandisa kupfuura mune bhajeti rekugara senge. mubhedha nemangwanani, imba yekutandarira, kana imba yevaeni yemhuri; asi iyo leakages, semihoro yevashandi vekune dzimwe nyika kana kudzoserwa kwemabhenefiti, ichave yakakura; pamagumo, kudzoka kwehupfumi kunharaunda yemunharaunda inogona kunge yakakwirira munyaya yechipiri.
Kumaruwa uye kushanya kwemakomo pakati pehupamhi zvinokonzerwa nechishuvo chimwe chetecho chekuedza nenzira yakadzikama uye ine mutoro yekunakidzwa nekuzorora netsika, mitambo yekudzidzira, uye tora mazororo.
Kuratidzwa kuviri kwekutsvaka kwakafanana nzanga yakagadzikana, ine rugare, uye inobatanidzwa.
Vachiisa mari pakusimba kwemusika wepamba, ndivo vanozove madhiraivha ekudzoreredza. Ivo vanomiririra nzira nhete iyo inotora kushanya kunguva yepost-Covid.
Mushure mekuvhunduka kwedenda, kushanya kuri kupinda munzvimbo itsva.
Vanababa naanamai,
ngatipei izwi rekupedzisira kuna Antonio Guterres, Secretary-General weUnited Nations:
“Zvakakosha kuti tivakezve kushanya munzvimbo yakachengetedzeka, yakaenzana, uye inoenderana nemamiriro ekunze nzira".
Antonio Guterres, Munyori Mukuru weUnited Nations
