Mvura uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze zvinhu zveHondo uye Runyararo. Tourism seindasitiri yerunyararo ine basa rayo. Kune zvikonzero zvakawanda nei nyika dzichienda kuhondo. Zvikonzero zvinowanzoitika ndezvekupokana kwenzvimbo uye kwemadzinza. Iko kune, zvisinei, chimwe chinhu chakakosha chisingakwezve kutarisisa kumwe - uku ndiko kugona kwekukonana pamusoro pemvura.

Migumisiro ye Shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inotungamira kumakwikwi anotyisa yekudzikira kwekuwaniswa kwemvura yakachena pasirese kuri kuita kutyisidzira kwemakakatanwa akakomba zvingangoitika.

Kushungurudzwa nekushayikwa kwenhepfenyuro yehukama pakati pemvura nerunyararo, tangi yepasi rose yekufunga, iyo Strategic Foresight Group (SFG), yakaunza pamwechete vatapi venhau nevagadziri vepfungwa kubva pasirese kuenda kumusangano muKathmandu munaGunyana kuratidza nyaya iyi. Vatori vechikamu vanobva kuEurope, Central America, Middle East, Africa, neAsia vakapinda International Media Workshop - Zvipingamupinyi zveMvura neMunyararo. Mutauri wega wega aiburitsa chokwadi, zviyero, uye mienzaniso ye kuti matunhu avo akanganiswa sei uye njodzi dziri mberi.

Mutungamiri weStrategic Foresight Group (SFG), Sundeep Waslekar, anoti nyika mbiri dzakabatana dzinoshanda pamwe chete hadziendi kuhondo. Anoti ndosaka SFG yakaronga musangano weKathmandu kuitira kuti vezvenhau vekunze vazive nezve hukama huripo pakati pemvura, runyararo nekuchengetedzeka. “Njodzi huru yatinogona kuona mumakore mashoma anotevera ndeyekuti kana magandanga akatora humwe hwenzvimbo dzemvura nezvimwe zvekuvaka mvura. Isu takaona kuti mumakore matatu apfuura ISIS yakatora kutonga kweTabqa Dam muSyria, uye ndirwo rwaive simba ravo guru rekupona kweISIS; zvisati zvadaro Afghan Taliban yainge yaita izvi. Tiri kuona mukana wehondo muUkraine, uye ipapo, zvakare, kupfurwa kwemiti yekurapa mvura kuri pakati payo. "Saka mvura ndiyo iri pakati pehugandanga hutsva nemakakatanwa matsva," akadaro Waslekar.

Kuchinja hunhu venhau

Musangano wakaongorora kuti kufukidzwa kwenyaya dzezvakatipoteredza kuri kukanganiswa sei nekushanduka kwemamiriro enhau nhasi. Kudzvinyirira kwepasirese kwemari kwakatungamira kune mazhinji midhiya dzimba kuvhara madhesiki avo enharaunda Nhau dzemakamuri hadzisisina zviwanikwa zvekuvhara nyaya dzine chekuita nenharaunda nemvura. Mazhinji enhau ane chekuita nemvura anowanzo tarisa pane dzinonakidza nyaya senge tsunami nekudengenyeka kwenyika uye kuparara kwavanokonzera. Izvi zvakagadzira vacuum mukuzivisa mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza izvo zvishoma nezvishoma zviri kuzadzwa nevatori venhau vanozvimiririra. Vatori venhau ava vatanga kuumbirazve bhizimusi modhi pakumhan'ara nyaya dzezvakatipoteredza uye vakapokana nekuneta kunouya nekuburitsa pamusoro pekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze nekunyanya kutarisana nenyaya dzakananga. Vachishanda vakazvimiririra, vatapi venhau ava vakasununguka kushanyira nzvimbo nekusangana nevanhu zvinova zvaizonetsa kuita dai vaitaura nezvenyaya dzakawanda.

Zvinetso zvinotarisana nevemahara

Rimwe dambudziko hombe rakabuda pamusangano uyu nderekuti kuti vakurukure nezvemvura sechinhu chakazvimirira, vazhinji vema freelancers vakanzwa kusungirwa kutanga nekuisa pfungwa pazvinhu zvakatipoteredza zvisati zvaitika munhau dzine chekuita nemvura. Kubva pamaonero enhau mumakore mashoma apfuura, kutyisidzira nenjodzi dzakanangana nemasango enzvimbo dzinopisa uye nyanza dzakapihwa nzvimbo yakati wandei zvichienzaniswa nezvinhu zvisinganyanye kubata sekudzikira kwemvura yemvura yakachena senzizi nemadhamu.

Mari inoramba iri dambudziko hombe nevezvenhau dzimba vachidzikira pakubhadhara nzendo dzekunze. Kushandisa tambo kuzivisa pamusoro penyaya dzemuno kubva kunyika dzichiri kusimukira zvinogona zvakare kunetsa. Vatori venhau, tambo, uye avo vanovabatsira vakaita sevanogadzirisa uye vaturikiri vanotaura nezvezvirongwa zvine chekuita nemvura vanogona kuwana hupenyu hwavo vari kutyisidzirwa nemapato ane zvido zvakasarudzika senge narco-mapoka uye vasiri-vezvematongerwo enyika. Stringers inogona zvakare kuuya pasi pezvematongerwo enyika kumanikidza uye hupenyu hwavo hwakaiswa panjodzi kana kuzivikanwa kwavo kukaziviswa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, ma freelancers anogona haagone kugara achigona kuvimba zvizere nenyaya dzavanowana kubva kumatambo.

Munyika zhinji, mvura inyaya yehurudzi, uye izvi zvinogona kukonzeresa matambudziko kune vatapi venhau vanozvimiririra vangangodaro vasina sangano rakakura rezvenhau rakavhara misana yavo. Mune dzimwe nyika dzichiri kusimukira, pane kupindira kwehurumende kushingairira mukuzivisa pamusoro penyaya dzemvura dzinodarika miganhu; vatori venhau vanoudzwa zvekubvunza uye zvekusiya. Kune zvekare kutyisidzirwa kwematare kunogona kumisikidzwa kune vatapi venhau vanotaura nezve nharaunda nenyaya dzine chekuita nemvura. Semuenzaniso, mutori wenhau paakatora mifananidzo yekusvibisa murwizi rweLitani kumaodzanyemba kweLebanon, akamhan'arirwa kumatare nekuti mifananidzo yakadaro yainzi "yaityisidzira" kushanya.

Sezvo nhepfenyuro yenhau ichiwedzera webhu-based, vitriolic online zvirevo pasocial media iri rimwe dambudziko rakatarisana nevatori venhau. Citizen venhau inounza yayo seti yezvakanaka nezvayakaipira kune freelancers uye vezvenhau; inogona kuve inotsamwisa kune vanogara vachizvimiririra avo vanowirirana netambo kuti vataure nezvenyaya apo, panguva imwe chete, inogona kuve chishandiso chinobatsira chekudyidzana nenzvimbo dzemuno.

Nhau inoshanda

Vatori vechikamu vakabvumirana vese kuti vezvenhau vanogona kuve chinhu chakakosha shanduko. Kuwanda kwetekinoroji nyowani uye multimedia portals zvakabatsira kuburitsa nyaya zvine simba rakasimba. Sezvo mvura iri nyaya yepasirese, zvinonyanya kukosha kuti utaure nyaya dzine chekuita nezviwanikwa zvemvura zvakanyanya kufungidzira, uye pakanga paine kudanwa kwekufunga zvakare pane yakajairwa nyaya-yekuudza modhi. Paive nekucherechedzwa kuti kusanganiswa kweaudio, vhidhiyo, zvinyorwa, uye magirafu ndizvo zvinoita kuti nyaya ive yakazara uye inomanikidza. Zvisingarambiki, nekunetseka pamusoro penyaya dzenhema, zvakataurwa kuti nzira inoshanda kwazvo yekurwisa izvi ndeyekuita venhau “vanozvidavirira”. Kutsanangura zvinoita kuti utapi venhau "kuzvidavirira" kana kuita mutoro kunogona kuve nzvimbo yemugodhi kumutsa mibvunzo nezvekuti ndiani anosarudza izvo zvinozvidavirira.

Zvaiwanzo gamuchirwa kuti mvura ichatanga kunyanya kutonga panhau yenhau, kunyanya mhando yemvura uye kuwanikwa kwemvura. Vatori venhau vaipinda musangano uyu vakataura nezve kukosha kwekuburitsa hunhu hwevanhu kuti vataure nyaya inobata. Nhau dzinorondedzerwa mumitauro yemuno nemitauro yakasangana nekushanya chaiko kunzvimbo iyi zvinosiya zvakadzika mundangariro dzevaverengi. Zvakakoshawo kuti mutori wenhau haasi wega kana zvasvika pakuzivisa; imba yenhau yose inofanira kunge ichibatanidzwa kusanganisira vapepeti, graphic artists, nevamwe. Zvakakoshawo kuti vatori venhau vave nemuchinjikwa wemazano uye nenyaya dzine chekuita nemvura nekudyidzana nenyanzvi dzezvematongerwo enyika, vanogadzira mvura, vagadziri vemitemo, nevadzidzi.

Paive nekubvumirana kwese kuti kana uchitaura pamusoro pemvura, mifananidzo inogona kuburitsa zvinopfuura mazwi. Mumwe muenzaniso wakataurwa waive unovhundutsa uye unovhundutsa mufananidzo wemukomana weSyria ane makore matatu ekuberekwa uyo muviri wakashambidzwa pamhenderekedzo muTurkey. Mufananidzo uyu wakaonekwa munhau pasi rose uchinyatsoratidza chokwadi chengozi dzakatarisana nevaya vari kutsvaga hupenyu huri nani. Zvakataurwa kuti nzira inoshanda yekushandira inogona kuve nekugadzira online portal iyo inogonesa vatori vechikamu kutumira maodhiyo, vhidhiyo, uye zvimwe zvishandiso zvemultimedia kutsigira nekusimudzira chiitiko chakaitwa nemusangano. Kutsvaga kwekufungidzira nzira dzekumhan'ara pamusoro pemvura ichave iri dambudziko guru mukuparadzira kuziviswa kwenjodzi dzinounzwa nekugara kudzikira kwezvinhu.

Zviitiko kubva kuMatunhu Akasiyana

Nyaya dzemvura dzakasiyana uye pane musiyano wakakura kumatunhu mukuwana mvura. Kumhan'ara pamusoro pemvura nenyaya dzezvakatipoteredza zvinogona zvakare kuisa njodzi kuvatori venhau. MuNepal, semuenzaniso, kana vatapi venhau vakataura nezvezvakakonzerwa nekuchera uye zvimwe zviitiko zvinoparadza nharaunda, vanobva vangonzi "vanopokana nebudiriro." Zvakare zvakakurukurwa kwaive kufarira kweChina mukuvaka mapurojekiti ezvivakwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia kusanganisira madhamu eIndus, chiteshi chemagetsi chemagetsi muBangladesh, uye chiteshi chengarava muSri Lanka. Nhau dzakanangana nemvura muAfrica dzakasungwa mumusoro wenyaya kukutora ivhu nekutora ivhu. Semuenzaniso, chikonzero chekupokana muEthiopiya ndechekuti makambani anowana ivhu padyo neLake Tana uye anoshandisa mvura yayo kurima maruva ayo anozotumirwa kuEurope nedzimwe nyika. Izvi zvinotorera nharaunda dzemunharaunda chinhu chakakosha zviwanikwa. Nyika dziri muLatin America dzinofanirwa kubata yavo yega yakasarudzika matambudziko.

Rimwe dambudziko riri kukura nderekubva kune vanhu nekuda kwekushomeka kwemvura uye kudonha kubva mumaindasitiri zviitiko. Mexico City inonyura ne 15 masendimita gore rega rega, uye kubuda kunoguma kwevagari vemo kunowanzoitika munhau. Iko kutama kunowedzera kukosha mukoridho yakaoma yeHonduras, Nicaragua, uye Guatemala. Basa guru rezvehupfumi mune yekuyambuka muganho weAmazon Rwizi ndeyemigodhi izvo zvinoguma nekudonha kwemekiyuri nemamwe makemikari ane chepfu mumvura yeAmazon. Vagari vemo vanogara padyo nenzvimbo idzi vanotambura zvakanyanya. Chokwadi chinorwadza ndechekuti sezvo mweya nemvura zvisina miganhu, nharaunda idzi dzinotambura nekusvibiswa kunyangwe dzisingagare dzakananga mukati mematunhu akakanganiswa.

KuMiddle East, kurwisa kwemvura nevarwi vasiri vehurumende vane zvombo pamwe neyakaomarara mamiriro mudunhu iri zvinongobatsira kusimbisa basa remvura seyakawedzera kukakavara. Kuti uwane simba rakasimba mudunhu iri, ISIS yakabata kutonga kwemadhamu akati wandei mudunhu senge Tabqa, Mosul, uye Hadida. MuRebhanoni, Litani River Authority rakaburitsa mepu munaGunyana 2019, inoratidza huwandu hwevanhu vanotambura nekenza vanogara mumahombekombe eRwizi rweLitani muBekaa Valley. Mune rimwe guta, vanhu vanosvika mazana matanhatu vakawanikwa vaine kenza.

Yufratesi basin iri kubuda semitambo yehondo pakati pemakwikwi evaSyria, US, nemauto eTurkey. Chero mhinduro kunetsekana muSyria ichafanirwa kutora zvinoitika mubheseni raYufratesi kuti zviongororwe. MuUS, mvura inoonekwa senge nyaya yekubatsira vanhu. Naizvozvo, kurwiswa kwakaitwa neISIS, Boko Haram, Al Shabaab, uye mamwe mapoka evapanduki pamagadzirirwo emvura anoonekwa sezviitiko zvega zvemauto pasina kutarisa nyaya yakadzama yekuti mvura inotsigira sei vasiri vehurumende.

Mvura uye maLinks ayo kune Security

Munharaunda yeArctic, nzvimbo zhinji dzezvicherwa zvakafukunurwa nekunyungudika kwechando zvakakonzera kukakavara nenyika dzakasiyana dzichikwikwidza kutora zviwanikwa zvakakosha izvi. Russia iri kutosimbisa kuvepo kwayo mudunhu nekuvaka zviteshi uye kuwana matanhatu enyukireya-anofambiswa echando anopwanya. Mukuenzanisa, United States ine chete 6 echando anopwanya, kunze kweayo imwe chete inokwanisa kupaza nepakati yakaoma ice. IUS neRussia vatotanga kutarisana muArctic, uye makakatanwa anotarisirwa kuwedzera sekunyunguduka kwechando gungwa kufumura zviwanikwa zvakawanda nekuvhura nzira dzegungwa.

Basa remvura maringe nezvigadziko zvemauto nenzvimbo dzekuchengetedza zvichave zvakanyanya kukosha sezvo huwandu hwemakungwa hunoramba huchikwira. Nyika dzakaita seUnited States dzinonzwa dzichimanikidzwa kutama kana kutovhara mabheseni emahombekombe. Nyaya iripo ndeyeNorfolk Virginia yemauto base, iyo hombe ngarava muUS, iyo ingangofanira kuvharwa mumakore anotevera makumi maviri nemashanu nekuda kwekukwira kwemwero wegungwa. IUS haioneke kunge yakambofunga zvakadzama mhedzisiro inosvika yekukwira kwemvura yegungwa uye yanga ichitsiva zvirongwa zvenguva refu nezvirongwa zvenguva pfupi nekuvaka piers. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti mubvunzo wekuvharwa kwezvigadziko zvakadaro zvinoenderana nemanzwiro ezvematongerwo enyika. Semuenzaniso, muUS, Mutungamiri Trump vakawedzera bhajeti yezvigaro zvemauto zvakadaro. Nyika dzinoverengeka dzakaita seFrance, Japan, China, US, neItaly vane mabhesheni avo emauto kuJibouti kurwisa utsotsi nekuchengetedza zvido zvemugungwa.

Muna 2017, Dhipatimendi reHurumende reUS rakaburitsa mushumo uyo wakacherekedza mvura sechinhu chakakosha chengetedzo yenyika. Chirevo ichi chakanangana nemakona ekuchengetedza ane chekuita nemvura mune zvakawandisa uye zvakajairika asi haana kupa nzira yakazara yekutarisana navo. Chirevo ichi chinonyanya kukoshesa chakaburitswa muna2014 pachinhu chimwe chete, uye izvi hazvitaure nezvemvura sechinhu chinogona kukonzera mhirizhonga, zvichitarisa pane mienzaniso yemvura senge nyaya yekubatsira vanhu.

Enzaniso dzakakurukurwawo pamusoro pekuti mvura inoshandiswa muchiuto ingashandiswa sei sechishandiso cherunyararo. Chekutanga, mvura inoshandiswa sechishandiso chekusangana nehurongwa hwekushandisa. MuMali, mauto eFrance anoda 150 litita emvura pazuva, pamurwi. Maitiro epamusoro uye nendege zvinodikanwa kutakura huwandu hwakawanda hwemvura kuyambuka gwenga reSahelian. Mauto eFrance anovakawo matsime muMali kuitira kuti mvura isakwanise kushandiswa sechinhu chekutaurirana nevasiri venyika. Dambudziko nderekuti mvura ingashandiswa sei kubata vanhu vari pasi kuitira kuti vanhu vawedzere kuzvitonga uye kuvaita kuti vasanetsekwe nekudzorwa nevasiri vehurumende.

Chechipiri, ngarava dzepasi pegungwa chikamu chakakosha chehurongwa hwemauto, uye pane mukana wekuti vapanduki vangashandise kukanganisika kwema submarine nekutyisidzira gungwa rakakomberedza.

Chechitatu, mvura inoshandiswa sechombo nevapanduki vanovavarira nekuparadza zviwanikwa zvemvura, kudzora kuyerera kwenzizi, uye zvitubu zvine chepfu kutyisidzira vanhu. Mubvunzo unomuka mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai ndeyekuti ungadzivirire sei mvura kuti ishandiswe sechombo mumakakatanwa - zvingaitwe kuburikidza nezvibvumirano kana zvibvumirano zvehurumende?

Chechina, mvura zvakare inoisa njodzi kumauto nema commandos anoshanda munhandare yehondo. Chikoro chemauto cheFrance chakabatana pamwe neWorld Wide Fund yeMasikirwo (WWF), inozivikanwawo seWorld Wildlife Fund muUS neCanada, kuitira kuti vatariri vapiwe dzidziso yekupindura kutyisidziro dzine chekuita nemvura. Mvura yakasviba ine njodzi huru. Musiyano uripo pakati pekutyisidzira nenjodzi ndeyekuti kutyisidzira kunoitwa nemaune nepo njodzi ichiitika. Chekupedzisira, kutyisidzirwa kwe cyber-kurwisa kuri chaiko, kunyanya mushure mekubirwa kwazvino kwedhatabhesi iro raive neruzivo pamusoro pemadhamu muUS.

Yakanaka Impact yeCivil Society neMedia

Izvo zvakaonekwa kuti kuyambuka-kuyambuka nyika pane zvine chekuita nemvura hazvidi kusangana uye kuti vatori venhau vanogona kutora chinhanho mukuderedza kusagadzikana kunogona kuitika. Midhiya kufukidza kwekudyidzana pasi kunogona kukurudzira nyika kuti dziwedzere kusimbisa kubatana padanho repamusoro. Paive nemiyezo mizhinji yakanaka yekubatana kwepasi-kwepakati pakati penharaunda dzemuganhu. Mune imwe nyaya muSouth Asia, pakanga paine kupokana pamusoro pemafashama erwizi rwePandai unoyambuka Chitwan National Park muNepal uye Valmiki National Park muIndia. Panchayats emvura enharaunda dzinogara mhiri kwerwizi akabatana uye akavaka makomba kuitira kudzivirira mafashama, uye aya ave kushanda ari pasi pekutonga kwehurumende dzemuno.

Mumwe muenzaniso wekushandira pamwe kwaive kugadzirisa kwesimba pakati peAssam kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweIndia neBhutan. Chero nguva mafashama paakaitika mumahombekombe ekuchamhembe kweBrahmaputra muAssam, mhosva yacho yakabva yaiswa paBhutan. Paive pachirongwa chevanhu veko kuti mameseji aipfuudzwa paWhatsapp pese paifanira kuzobudisirwa mvura kumusoro nekumhedzisiro yekuti zvipfuyo hazvina kungoponeswa chete asi vanhu vanogara kuzasi kweIndia vaikwanisawo kuenda kunzvimbo yakachengeteka.

Vagari vanoyambuka muganho weRwizi rweKarnali, runoyerera kuburikidza neNepal neIndia, vatangisa yambiro yekutanga kuburikidza neWhatsApp kuitira kudzikisira kurasikirwa kwezvirimwa zvekurima. Chimwe chiitiko ndecheRwizi rweKoshi rwakave nenhoroondo refu yemafashama. Pano vakadzi vanozvibatsira mapoka vanoungana kuti vasarudze nzira dzekucheka nekupa ruzivo kana mafashama ave pedyo. Pamusoro pezvo, nharaunda dziri pamuganhu weIndo-Bangladesh dzakashanda pamwechete muzvirongwa zvekuzadza nzizi zvakare nehove yeHilsa, chinova chikamu chezvetsika yavo yechikafu. Kunyangwe idzi nyaya dzakanaka dzakafukidzwa nenhepfenyuro dzemuno, idzi dzinowanzo satorwa nedzimba hombe dzekutsikisa sezvo dzisingatariswe senge dzinofarira zvakanyanya. Vezvenhau vemuno vakaita basa rakakosha mukugonesa mapoka emunharaunda kusimudzira kudyidzana kwekugadzirisa pakati pevanhu vanogara munzvimbo dzekumusoro nedzakadzika dzenzizi.

KuMiddle East, vezvenhau vakaita chinzvimbo chakakosha mukutsigira Tigris Consensus - chirongwa chekushandira pamwe uye kuvaka chivimbo paRwizi rwaTigris pakati peIraq neTurkey. Izvi zvakatanga nekuchinjana pakati pehunyanzvi uye pakupedzisira zvakazobatana nevatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika nevamiriri vehurumende. Iri bhizinesi raitungamirirwa neStrategic Foresight Group uye Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation.

Zvidzidzo kubva kuNepal

Kubva 2015, Nepal yakagamuchira mamiriro ehurumende uye yatove nemakakatanwa pakati pematunhu pamusoro pemvura. Dambudziko guru reNepal nderekugara nekukakavadzana kwemukati zvine chekuita nemvura. Nepal iriwo pakati penyika dzekutanga kuvhura nhepfenyuro yenharaunda iyo inoshuma pazvinhu zvese zvemuno zvinosanganisira mvura uye inozivikanwa kwazvo. Nepo nyaya dzemvura dzekuyambuka-muganho dzichikwezva kufarira kwemidhiya, iwo mubvunzo unonyanya kukosha wezvinoitika nemvura padanho-diki unowanzo saririra.

Icho chokwadi chiri pasi ndechekuti zviwanikwa, kusanganisira mvura, hazvina muganho. Shanduko yemamiriro ekunze chete haigone kupomedzerwa kuparara kwemvura pasirese; mumwe anofanirwa zvakare kufunga nezvechikamu chakaitwa nekushandiswa zvisirizvo kwetekinoroji, shanduko mumagariro, kutama, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakakonzera kuti marongero asina kukodzera kana akajeka akaumbwa kuti agadzirise dambudziko renzvimbo iripo. Strategic Foresight Group inotsigira kuti isu tiri panguva apo utapi venhau hunogona kutora chinzvimbo chakakosha mukubata vane chekuita nekubatsira kudzivirira nyika kuenda kunorwa nemvura.

Mumwe haachagone kutora mvura seisina basa, uye kunze kwekunge nyika yagara uye yazviona, pane mukana wakasimba wekuti mune remangwana risiri-kure-kure, nyika dzinozozviwana dzava muhondo sezvo makwikwi echinhu ichi chakakosha achiwedzera zvakanyanya uye kupererwa. Vezvenhau vanogona kutora chikamu chakakosha mukuzivisa nyika kusvika padambudziko ratiri kutarisana naro pamusoro pemvura.