Kubhuroka, kugadziridzazve, kuderedzwa kwemubhadharo uye shanduko huru mundege nemarongwa aifanirwa kudzikisa mutengo kundege dzechikuru kuti vakwanise kuenderana nemitengo yakachipa inopihwa nevatakuri vemitengo yakaderera.
Hazvina kuitika saizvozvo. "Mutengo wepakati" pakati pedzinonzi ndege dzenhaka dzavepo kwemakumi emakore uye vatakuri vakaderera-vatakuri vachiripo, sekureva kutsva kwekuongorora kubva kumuongorori Oliver Wyman. Nekufamba kwenguva, izvi zvinogona kuita kuti zviomerwe nendege dzechikuru kuenzanisa mitengo yakaderera.
“Ndaitarisira chimwe chinhu chakasiyana. Ini ndaitarisira kuderera kwegomba, "anodaro Andrew Watterson, anoshanda naOliver Wyman, chikamu cheMarsh & McLennan Cos.
Pane kudaro, vatakuri vemutengo wakaderera vakakwanisa kuderedza mutengo wavo zvakanyanya sezvo vakwikwidzi vavo vakaedza kubata. Vakaramba vaine mukana pane makambani makuru endege mukubudirira, achivabvumira kubhururuka zvigaro nemutengo wakaderera pane vanokwikwidza. Ivo zvakare vane mukana wemubhadharo wevashandi: Kunyangwe mihoro yakaderedzwa, ndege dzechikuru dzine zvikamu zvepamusoro zvevashandi vari padanho repamusoro.
"Mutengo mukuru wekambani yechikuru yendege," anodaro Douglas Parker, mukuru mukuru weUS Airways Group Inc., ane kambani iri musanganiswa wekambani yenhaka, US Airways, uye yekutanga, America West Airlines. Pa "divi rekumabvazuva" rekambani - yekutanga US Airways - mutyairi wese ari pamusoro peyero yemubhadharo.
"Hazvisizvo zviri kuitika kuJetBlue kana AirTran kana Southwest," Mr. Parker anodaro. "Kunyangwe chiyero chakafanana, mitengo yevatyairi inosiyana."
Kune vatengi, hukasha hwekudzikisa mutengo kumakambani endege kwaburitsa nguva yakareba yemitengo yakaderera. Nekudzikisa mitengo nekuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka, vendege vakazvimisa kuti vagadzirise kuderera kwehupfumi. Kubva zvadzikira kudiwa, vakapa mitengo yakadzikiswa zvakanyanya uye havasati vafanira kumhanyira kumatare ekubhuroka kuti vadzivirirwe, sezvakaitwa nendege zhinji munguva yakapfuura. Kuisa pamubhadharo wezvese kubva kumabhegi ekutarisa kusvika kukudzikinura kazhinji-flier matikiti kwakabatsira, zvakare.
Izvi zvinogona kuchinja nekuda kwekuramba kuri kuita gap, izvo zvinogona kupedzisira zvaparadzanisa ndege dzinogona kurarama nekupa matikiti akachipa kubva kune ayo anoshaya mari. Kwemakore akati wandei apfuura, kufamba kwakasimba kwebhizinesi uye kudiwa kwematikiti ekutanga munzira dzepasirese kwakapa ndege dzepamusoro-soro mari yakakwana yekukunda gaka remitengo. Asi kudzikira kwaita rwendo rwebhizimusi remadhora akakwira, zvichisiya ndege dzinodhura zvakanyanya kuti dzikwikwidze zvakanangana nevadzikisi vevatyairi vanodhura.
Chimbofunga nezveCanada, uko Air Canada yakagadziridzwa mukubhuroka muna 2004, asi haina kukwanisa kudzikisa mitengo yayo yakaderera seyeWestJet Airlines Ltd., mukwikwidzi wayo wepasi. Iye zvino Air Canada iri kunetseka; yayo $400 miriyoni kiredhiti mutsara wakamiswa kupera kwekupedzisira. Chief Executive Montie Brewer akasiya chigaro svondo rapfuura, uye chikwereti chikuru uye zvisungo zvepenjeni zviri kuuya mushure megore rino.
Ndege dzinoyera mutengo weyuniti uye mari nekuiparadzira pamusoro pechigaro mamaira - chigaro chimwe nechimwe chinobhururuka maira imwe. Muchikamu chechitatu chegore rapfuura, apo mitengo yemafuta yakanga ichiri kukwira, mari yakawanikwa neAMR Corp.'s American, Delta Air Lines Inc., Continental Airlines Inc., Northwest Airlines Corp., UAL Corp.'s United neUS Airways yakaenzana. 12.46 cents pachigaro mamaira, maererano neongororo yaOliver Wyman, nepo mitengo yaive 14.68 cents pachigaro mamaira paavhareji. Pamaira imwe neimwe yezvigaro, ndege idzodzo dzairasikirwa nemari.
Avhareji yeFrontier Airlines Holdings Inc., AirTran Holdings Inc., JetBlue Airways Corp. neSouthwest Airlines Co. yakaratidza kuti makambani endege asingadhuri akafamba nani. Avhareji yemari pakirogiramu yega yega yaive masendi gumi, nepamusoro peavhareji yemitengo yemasendi gumi. Avhareji yemitengo yendege dzenhaka gore rapfuura yaive 10.92% yakakwira kupfuura avhareji yemitengo yemayuniti yevatakuri vakaderera.
Muna 2003, sezvo ndege dzainge dzichitanga kugadziridza kukuru, Oliver Wyman akawana ndege dzepasi-pasi dzaive nemukana we "mutengo" pamusoro pendege dzenhaka dzemasendi mazana maviri nenomwe pachigaro chemamaira. Gore rakapera, mukaha waive 2.7 cents pachigaro mamaira. Muchikamu chezvikamu, gaka rakaramba rakafanana mumakore matanhatu apfuura - mari yenhaka yendege yanga iri, paavhareji, 3.8% kusvika 23% yakakwira kupfuura yakaderera-mutengo yendege pachigaro mamaira.
Kunyangwe kutora mafuta kunze kwekuenzanisa uye kudzima mukana wekuMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero nekuda kwemafuta hedges - akatengwa apo mitengo yemafuta yaive yakaderera iyo yakachengetedza kambani mabhiriyoni emadhora - haishandure mutengo-gap chokwadi. Imwe yekusiyana kwemutengo haidzivisiki. Mabasa makuru epasi rese anounza nemitengo yakakwira (asi zvakare mari yakakwira). Mabasa makuru ehub anoshanda- uye midziyo-yakanyanya uye haina kuita seyakanaka nekuti ndege nevashandi vanogara vakatenderedza kwenguva refu uye magedhi anogona kugara asina chinhu kwenguva refu. Ndege dzinodhura dzinowanzo dzivirira kubatanidza mascads evatengi kuburikidza nenzvimbo huru uye kazhinji dzisina chinhu uye dzinozadzazve ndege pasi nekukurumidza.
Kubhadhara kwendege dzinodhura zvakanyanya kunofanirwa kunge kuri mari yakawanda. Ndege dzakawanda dzepasirese dzinokwezva vatyairi vemadhora epamusoro-soro, semuenzaniso, uye network yakakura inopa mukana wakawanda wekubatanidza vafambi vakawanda. Izvo zvakashanda zvakanaka kune vendege kana hupfumi hwakasimba uye vafambi vebhizinesi vari kubhadhara mari yepamusoro yetikiti. David Barger, mukuru mukuru weJetBlue Airways, anoti mitengo yemafuta yakakwira gore rapfuura yakakurisa makambani endege uye akaita kuti vatakuri vese vatakuri vemitengo yakakwira. “Oiri payakakwira, takarasikirwa nezvakawanda zvataigona,” anodaro. "Sezvazvakadzika, vakomana vemutengo wakaderera vakawanazve mukana wedu."
Chinokosha chekuchengeta mari yakaderera, anodaro, kukura - imwe nzvimbo iyo vatakuri vanodhura vane mupendero. Ndege dzinokura dzinowedzera ndege itsva dzisati dzava nemari yakawanda yekugadzirisa kana nyaya dzekuvimbika. Ndege dziri kukura dzinohaya vashandi pazasi pezviyero zvemihoro. Sezvineiwo, makambani endege ari kuderera ane nguva yakaoma kudzikisa mutengo weyuniti. Vanogona kumisa ndege asi vachiri kufanira kuramba vachibhadhara pavari. Vanogona kunge vachibhadhara marendi pamagedhi enhandare yendege nenzvimbo yekaunda yavasingachashandisa. Mari yekufambisa inogona kuparadzirwa pamusoro pevafambi vashoma, zvichikwidza mutengo wekambani pamutakuri wega.
Vatakuri vane mutengo wakaderera vanga vachitora zvakati wandei chikamu chikuru chekufamba nendege, vachitakura 26% yevatakuri vepamba muna 2003 uye 31% panosvika 2007, sekureva kwaRaymond James & Associates Inc. Nhaka dzendege dzakadzika kubva pa56% yevafambi muna 2003 kusvika 48% muna 2007.
