Hutongi uye Masangano eBordeaux Wineries: NeMutemo uye Nesarudzo

Indasitiri yewaini yekuFrance yakavakirwa pamitemo: macepages (mhando dzemazambiringa anoshandiswa kugadzira waini), geography, goho, kuchembera pamwe nezvimwe "zvaunofanira kuita" zvakatemwa mukati mezita rega rega. Nekuda kwematambudziko akatarisana nevagadziri vewaini vekuFrance, mukuyedza kugadzirisa iyo mitemo, kuikotamisa kana kuinzvenga, vagadziri vewaini vanoziva kushambadzira vari kuona kuti "songaniro" dzevanogadzira waini dzinogadzira nzira inogoneka yekudzika purofiti.

A. Les Cotes de Bordeaux (Les Cotes)

Les Cotes rakaumbwa (2008) nekubatanidzwa kwemazita mana avo vakasarudza kubatana nekutengesa seboka kwete seminda yemizambiringa yega. Boka riripo parizvino raisanganisira Blaye, Cadillac, Cote de Franc naCastillon uye pamwe chete vakaumba zita rechipiri pakukura muBordeaux rine mahekita gumi nemaviri (12,000 acres).

Kubva pakatanga, kutengesa kunze kwenyika kwakawedzera neinosvika 29 muzana muhuwandu uye 34 +/- nehuwandu. Sangano rakakwanisa kuwana mitengo iri nani kuburikidza nekusimudzira kwakabatana uye varimi vadiki varipo muLes Cotes vanobatsirwa netsika yevatengi kutenga zvakananga kubva kune zvivakwa pamusuwo wepasi.

Les Cotes de Bordeaux inosanganisira:

- 1000 vagadziri vewaini

- 30,000 mahekita (gumi muzana yeBordeaux yese)

- 65 miriyoni mabhodhoro, kana 5.5 miriyoni makesi; 97 muzana yewaini tsvuku

- Mhando dzemazambiringa: waini zhinji dzakasanganiswa neMerlot (5-80 muzana), pamwe neCabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc neMalbec.

B. Vin de France (VDF). Vinicultural Freedom

Kubva 2010, boka iri remawineries rinozivikanwa newaini yetafura uye rakatsiva yekare vin de table category. Vin de France inogona kusanganisira marudzi emazambiringa (kureva, Chardonnay kana Merlot) uye mazambiringa pazita asi haana kunyorwa nedunhu kana zita - chete kuti iwo maFrench. Kutengeswa kwepasi rose kwewaini yakaonekwa seVDF ikozvino kwava kuita 340 miriyoni mabhodhoro pagore - gumi mabhodhoro anotengeswa sekondi yega yega.

VDF waini mazambiringa asingazadzise zvinodiwa neAOC kana IGP (Indication Geographique Progegee) mitemo yekudaidza - pamwe minda yemizambiringa iri kunze kwenzvimbo yekugadzira yakaganhurwa kana mhando dzemazambiringa kana vinification matekiniki haaenderane nemitemo yemazita enzvimbo. . Pfungwa iyi (yaifungidzirwa kuva itsva panguva iyoyo), yakabvumira vintners kusanganisa waini kubva kumatunhu akasiyana uye misanganiswa mitsva yemhando dzemazambiringa, inomiririra shanduko yakakosha kune nyika yakasungirirwa kune geographic waini zvikamu. VDF yakagadzirirwa kusunungura vagadziri vewaini, ichibvumira kugadzirwa kwewaini inogona kukwikwidzana nemhando dzepasi rose uye kugadzirisa waini yeFrance, zvichiita kuti iwanike kune vatengi.

French geography yakasunga waini masisitimu anga achinetsa kuvanhu vekuAmerica sezvo vatengesi uye sommeliers vakapokana kuti vaturikire iyo appellation d'origine controlee (AOC) classification system nekuoma kwayo. VDF inopa nzira yakapfava yekupa waini yemhando yepamusoro uye yakanaka yekupinda yevatengi vanofarira kuongorora mawaini echiFrench anosanganisira Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Merlot, uye Cabernet Sauvignon. Kutengeswa kweVDF muna 2019 kwakaverengera 1.6 miriyoni makesi neNorth America musika wechina pakukura, unomiririra gumi nemaviri muzana uye gumi nematanhatu muzana yemari yakatengeswa.

C. Counseil Interprofessional du Vin de Bordeaux (Bordeaux Wine Council, CIVB)

Muna 1948 iyo Bordeaux Wine Council yakaunzwa kuburikidza neFrench Law uye inosanganisa varimi vewaini, vatengesi nevatengesi vanogovana mishoni yakafanana:

1. Kushambadzira. Simudzira kudiwa, tsvaga vatengi vadiki, uye simbisa kuvimbika kwavo kune brand.

2. Dzidzo. Kukutengeserana uye kusimbisa hukama.

3. Technical. Vaka ruzivo; chengetedza kunaka kwewaini yeBordeaux; tarisira zvitsva zvinodiwa zvine chekuita nenharaunda, CSR uye mirairo yekuchengetedza chikafu.

4. Economic. Ipa hungwaru pakugadzira, musika, nharaunda uye kutengesa kweBordeaux waini kutenderera pasirese.

5. Zvaunofarira. Chengetedza materroirs, kurwisa manyepo, gadzira kushanya kwewaini.

6. Kuronga. Inobatsira kuzivisa mutengi nekudzikisira njodzi kana kupatsanurwa kuri kukwikwidza, nguva nenguva uye kunopa kuongororwa kwakakosha kwewaini nevatsoropodzi vepasirese.

Musi waChikumi 28, 2019, iyo CIVD, ichitarisa makore maviri ekutsvagisa, yakakurudzira kuwedzerwa kwemhando nhanhatu dzemazambiringa dzisingadziviriri kupisa dzisati dzadyarwa mudunhu, kuti dzibvumidzwe zviri pamutemo kushandiswa muBordeaux misanganiswa. Shanduko yakabvumidzwa nekutya kudziya kwepasi kunoparadza indasitiri yese. Sezvo mamiriro ekunze ari kuwedzera kupisa, vagadziri vewaini vari kuyedza kushanda vachipesana nemamiriro ekunze akakonzera shanduko mukuravira vachishandisa nzira dzakawanda dzekutsvaga mhinduro.

Musi waNdira 26, 2021, iyo Institut National de l'Origne et de la Qualite (INAO), sangano rinotonga sarudzo dzemazambiringa, rakabvumidza zviri pamutemo kushandiswa kwemhando ina nyowani dzvuku uye mbiri nyowani dzemazambiringa machena mudunhu reBordeaux dzinosanganisira:

Network:

Arinarnoa

Castets

Marselan

Touriga Naction

Chena:

Alvarinho

Liliorila

Mhando idzi dzekuwedzera kune mazambiringa anotenderwa pari zvino muzvinyorwa zvemazita.

Mazambiringa ari panjodzi huru ndeyeMerlot neSauvignon Blanc ayo anoumba yakawanda yemizambiringa mitsvuku nemichena mudunhu reBordeaux. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze mukupera kwema1990, kukohwewa kwemazambiringa aya ekutanga kuibva kwakatamira kuna Nyamavhuvhu neGunyana 10 kusvika Gumiguru 10 iri iyo nhoroondo yekukohwa. Tsvagiridzo inoratidza kuti marudzi maviri emuzambiringa aya sezvaave aripo parizvino, anogona kunge asisina basa ne2050.

D. Syndicate des Crus Bourgeois

Muna 1907, mutemo wakadzikwa waiudza varimi kuti vaifanira kuzivisa ukuru hwegoho ravo uye vaigona chete kuburitsa waini yakawanda sezvavaigona kuita. Zvisinei, vamwe varimi vakawedzera kukura kwegoho ravo (1907-08) saka - vaigona kuwedzera kutengesa kwavo newaini yakachipa kubva kuMidhi kana kuunza waini kubva kunze kwenharaunda.

Kazhinji maFrench akaedza kubatanidza mhando. Muna 1932 maFrench akaedza kuisa chateaux isingazivikanwe muchikamu chehurongwa chaisanganisira 444 wineries, 6 papamusoro-level crus bourgeois unique, 99 crus bourgeois superior uye 339 plain crus bourgeois.

Muna 1966, chinzvimbo chakatsanangurwa patsva neSyndicate des Crus Bourgeois uye muna 1978 pakanga paine zana nemakumi maviri nemasere chateaux yakanyorwa. Muna 128 European Community (zvino yava EU) yakasarudza kuti mazwi GRAND uye EXCEPTIONAL akanga asina zvaanoreva uye akanga asisagone kushandiswa. Kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi, vese crus 'bourgeois vaingova crus bourgeois. Izvi zvakazarura masuwo kuti vanhu vaiva kunze kweMedoki vashandise izwi iri.

Mashandiro anoita Syndicate parizvino:

Chateaux vanoda kushandisa zita rekuti cru bourgeois vanonyorera kuSyndicat (inodhura $435). Iyo midziyo inoendesa ruzivo nezve mashandiro acho (nhoroondo zvinyorwa, nzira dzevinification, nezvimwewo)

Zviyero zvekubatanidzwa zvichave:

– Terroir

- Hunhu (masamples ewaini kubva ku6 vintages kuti aravirwe nekomiti)

- Zviyero zveviticulture uye vinification

- Kuenderana kwemhando

– Mukurumbira

Ko chateaux parizvino vachishandisa zita rekuti cru bourgeois yewaini yavo yechipiri ichabvumidzwa kuenderera mberi?

Chateaux imwe neimwe ichava nekamuri yayo here?

Izvi zvinosiya pai macooperatives? 

Komiti ine nhengo gumi nesere (angangoita nhengo imwe chete kubva kuBordeaux Chikoro cheEnology, mabroker, negociants, nhengo dzecru bourgeois Syndicat). Iwo wineries anozoongororwa makore ese 18-10. Vanyoreri vanoonekwa sevasina kufanira havazobvumidzwa kushandisa zita rekuti cru bourgeois pamazita avo uye vachafanira kumirira kusvika ongororo inotevera kuti vanyore zvakare.

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, Syndicat yakadzoreredza "yakasarudzika" uye "yepamusoro" pamwe neatatu-tiered sisitimu yekukurudzira vanogadzira kuti vatarise kunaka uye kushanda nzira yavo kuburikidza nekuita. Iyo tiered system inodzorwa zvakanyanya kuitira kuti mazwi epamusoro uye akasarudzika ave nekukosha. Njodzi muhurongwa ndeyekuti rondedzero ichava yepamusoro-inorema uye yakawanda inoonekwa seyakasarudzika uye shoma seyakajairwa crus bourgeois zvichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuchengetedza piramidhi chimiro.

Waini Bhodhoro Chinyorwa

Mavara ewaini echiFrench anotakura zita remusha kwete marudzi emazambiringa. Icho chivimbiso chekuti mazambiringa ewaini anobva kune imwe musha kana dunhu sezvo imwe neimwe nharaunda yewaini ine yakasarudzika seti yemitemo inotonga iyo mhando dzemazambiringa dzinogona kurimwa, goho rinobvumidzwa uye magadzirirwo ewaini. Waini dzechiFrench dzinoti AOC, AC, uye AOP inovimbisa kuti waini inogadzirwa zvinoenderana nemaitiro akasimba eviticultural uye winemaking.

Iyo AOC sisitimu yakakodha yekugadzira zviyero inosanganisira:

1. Zita remugadziri

2. Mazambiringa anokura mune imwe neimwe appellation

3. Doro

4. Inzwi

5. Mapasuru

6. Kurambidzwa pamhando dzevhu

7. Mametrics anonangana nemhedzisiro senge goho rakawanda kana doro.

Waini Futures

Pane zvikonzero zvetarisiro pakati pevateveri vewaini yeBordeaux sezvo huwandu hwemawaini akasimba muBordeaux hwakakura kweanoda kusvika makore gumi sezvo vagadziri vanonzwisisa zvakatipoteredza uye zvekutengesa zvakanakira kugadzirisa kugadzirwa. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti panosvika 2030, zana kubva muzana yemawineri ichange iine imwe nhanho yeyakasimbiswa inosimbisa kurima / maitiro ekugadzira.

Muna 2014, zvikamu makumi matatu nemana kubva muzana zvezvinwiwa zvewaini muBordeaux zvakarimwa zvingave zvakarongeka, kuchengetedzwa pasi peHEV (yakakwirira kukosha kwezvakatipoteredza) neHEV certification yakatarisana nekuderedza kushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene uye kuwedzera zvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana, Terra Vitis, kana kuti biodynamic certified. Parizvino nhamba iri kutenderera pa34 percent (inenge).

Sekureva kwaJeremy Noye, Mutungamiriri uye CEO weNew York's Morrell & Co., "Bordeaux inopa kukosha kurinani izvozvi kupfuura zvinoita Napa." Nekukosha, vadikani vewaini yeBordeaux vanogona kufuratira zvinyorwa zveKukura kwekutanga izvo zviri kutengesa nemadhora mazana matanhatu ebhodhoro uye yechipiri-kukura pamadhora mazana matatu, uye kufambisa yavo yekuona-mutsara kuenda kupetits-chateaux inotangira pamadhora makumi maviri nemazana manomwe nemakumi manomwe nemakumi manomwe nemakumi mashanu emumiriri. Bordeaux nguva pfupi yadarika yakaisa Nha. 600 pakati penzvimbo huru dzekutengesa waini muFrance, Displace Provence.

Iyi nhevedzano yakanangana neBordeaux waini.

Verenga Chikamu 1 Pano:  Bordeaux Wines: Yakatanga neuranda

Verenga Chikamu 2 Pano:  Bordeaux Waini: Pivot kubva kuvanhu kuenda kuvhu

Verenga Chikamu 3 Pano:  Bordeaux neWaini Dzayo Inochinja… Zvishoma nezvishoma

© Dr. Elinor Garely. Ichi chinyorwa chekopirisita, kusanganisira mapikicha, chingangodaro chichiburitswa pasina mvumo yakanyorwa kubva kumunyori

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