Kunyangwe zvichindiomera kutenda, gore rega rega uye gore rega rega vangangoita mamirioni makumi matatu vanhu vanopedza nguva nemari yakawanda ($ 30 bhiriyoni pagore) pazvikepe zvengarava, kunyangwe ichigadzira nharaunda yakakwana yekupararira kwezvirwere zvinotapukira.

Kupiwa simba

Ngarava dzechikepe dzinounza huwandu hukuru hwevanhu pamwechete munzvimbo dzakatsvikinyidzana, diki dzakakomberedzwa nzvimbo dzinoita kuti chirwere chipararire kubva kumunhu kuenda kune mumwe kana kutapurirana nechikafu kana nemvura, uye, mune iri "guta rinofamba," zviuru zvevanhu zvinogovera hutsanana uye HVAC masystem. Kuwedzera kune kuomarara kwenzvimbo dzechikepe chengarava inyaya yekuti vanhu vacho vanobva kwakasiyana tsika, vanoona nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekudzivirira uye vanosvika nehutano hwakasiyana. Zvirwere zvinomhanya kubva mukufema uye hutachiona hweGI (kureva, norovirus) kuenda kuzvirwere zvinodzivirirwa nemishonga (funga huku uye gwirikwiti).

Vapfuuri nevashandi vanopindirana mudzimba dzekudyira, dzimba dzekuvaraidza, maspas, uye madziva, zvichiwedzera mukana wekuti zvipenyu zviparadzirwe pakati pavo. Panguva imwecheteyo, anomiririra hutachiona ane mukana wekupinda mukudya kana kupihwa mvura kana hutsanana uye masisitimu eHVAC anogoverwa zvakapararira muchikepe zvichikonzera hurwere uye / kana kufa.

Kana rimwe boka revapfuuri richienda kumahombekombe pane nguva shoma kwazvo yekuti vashandi vanyatsochenesa ngarava boka rinotevera risati rasvika; pamusoro pezvo, vashandi vamwe chete vanosara kubva kuboka kuenda kuboka kuitira kuti nhengo imwechete ine hutachiona igone kuteura maseru uye, kana iri COVID-19, inotora mazuva mashanu kusvika gumi nemana kuti iratidze, akawanda (kana mazana) anogona kutapukirwa kubva kune rimwe munhu.

Kuwedzera padambudziko, vafambi nevashandi vanokwira nekudzika ngarava pazviteshi zvakasiyana uye vanogona kusangana nehurwere nezvirwere pane imwe nzvimbo, kuitakura, kuigoverana nevatakurwi nevashandi, vozoiparadzira kuvanhu vanogara chiteshi chinotevera chekufona.

Kwete Wokutanga

Ino haisi nguva yekutanga kuti ngarava dzive Petri ndiro yezvirwere. Izwi rekuti "quarantine" rinobva mukubatanidzwa kwehurwere nezvikepe. Apo Black Death yakaremadza Europe muzana ramakore rechi14 veneteni yekutengesa yeVenetian, Ragusa, haina kuvhara zvachose, ichibvumira mitemo mitsva yekushanyira ngarava (1377). Kana ngarava dzikasvika dzichibva kunzvimbo dzine denda, dzaifanirwa kusungira kumahombekombe kwemwedzi kwemwedzi kuratidza kuti havasi ivo vanotakura chirwere ichi. Iyo nguva yekumahombekombe yakawedzerwa kusvika kumazuva makumi mana uye ichizivikanwa se quarantino, chiItaly che "40."

Ngarava: Nyaya Yeupenyu Uye Rufu

Musi waFebruary 1, 2020, email kubva kuvakuru vehutano veHong Kong yakazivisa Princess Cruises nezvekuti munhu ane makore makumi masere akabuda akaongorora hutachiona hutsva mushure mekubva paDiamond Princess muguta ravo. Albert Lam, chiremba wezvirwere zveHong Kong hurumende akakurudzira kuchenesa kukuru kwechikepe.

Hapana chakaitika kudzamara zvaitika kusvika zuva rinotevera (Kukadzi 2, 2020) apo Dr. Grant Tarling, Boka Mutevedzeri weMutungamiri uye Chief Medical Officer weCarnival Corporation (inosanganisira Carnival Cruise Line, Princess Cruises, Holland America Line, Seabourn, P&O Australia neHAP Alaska) yakacherekedza nyaya iyi kuburikidza nevezvenhau.

Carnival inoshandisa 9 mitsara yekufamba nengarava inopfuura 102 uye inotakura mamirioni gumi nevaviri pagore. Sangano rinomiririra makumi mashanu muzana yemusika wepasirese wepasi rose uye, Dr. Tarling, sechiremba wekambani anoona nezve kupindura kuputika. Apo Dr Tarling pavakaverenga chirevo asi ivo vakapindura nemaprotocol epasi chete.

IBritish yakanyoreswa Diamond Princess ndiyo yekutanga ngarava yekunyoresa kuputika kukuru mubhodhi uye yakaiswa yega kuYokohama kwemwedzi mumwe (kubva munaKukadzi 4, 2020). Pachikepe ichi vanopfuura mazana manomwe vakabatwa nechirwere ichi uye vanhu gumi nevatatu vakafa. Mwedzi mishoma gare gare (Chivabvu 700, 14), dzinopfuura makumi mana ngarava dzakaratidza mamiriro akanaka mubhodhi. Kubva muna Chivabvu 2, 2020, Carnival yakanyoresa MOST Covid40 kesi (15) inokanganisa vafambi chiuru nemazana matatu nemakumi mashanu nemakumi mashanu nevatanhatu vevashandi zvichikonzera kufa kwevanhu makumi matanhatu nenomwe. Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. yakashuma 2020 makesi anozivikanwa (19 vakatapukirwa vafambi uye 2,096 vashandi), zvichikonzera kufa kwevanhu gumi. https://www.miamiherald.com/news/business/tourism-cruises/article241914096.html

Nguva yeMagweta

Kubva muna Chivabvu 15, 2020, Tom Hals weReuters akataura kuti, pamakumi mana nemashanu emakesi eCovid45 mumatare, makumi maviri neshanu aipokana nePrincess Cruise Lines; 19 dzaipesana nedzimwe nzira dzekufamba; Makambani maviri ekugadzira nyama; Walmart Inc; 28 mukuru wekugara opareta opareta; 3 nzvimbo dzekuchengetedza; 2 chipatara uye 1 boka rechiremba.

Sekureva kwaSpencer Aronfeld, gweta rine kesi dzinoverengeka dzakamirira coronavirus, "Kukwidza rwizi rwendo rwemhando idzi dzenyaya kunonetsa zvakanyanya," nekuti mitsetse yekufambisa inonakidzwa nedziviriro dzinoverengeka: haasi makambani eUS uye haasi pasi pemitemo yehutano nekuchengetedza. senge iyo Occupational Kuchengetedza uye Hutano Mutemo (OSHA) kana maAmerican Akaremara Mutemo (ADA).

Hapana ane chokwadi chekuti ungaenderera mberi sei. VaRepublicans vanofarira kuchengetedza mabhizinesi kubva kumatare edzimhosva nepo maDemocrat aine tarisiro yekubvisa mari. Chibvumirano chemutoro chaizodzivirira mabhizinesi kubva kumatare edzimhosva kubva kuvashandi nevatengi vanogona kutaura kuti kusaremekedza kambani kwakagadzira nharaunda yakakwana yekubatira chirwere. Kana makambani aive nenhovo yaigona kuvapa chivimbo chekuvhurazve (vachifungidzira kuti bhizinesi raive risina mhosva yekuregeredza kwakanyanya, kushaya hanya kana kuita nemaune kusazvibata); zvisinei, kudzima kutyisidzira kwechikwereti kunogona kuodza moyo vatengi kudzoka kumitsetse yekufambisa, ndege, mahotera nenzvimbo kana kutangazve zvimwe zviitiko zvezuva nezuva. Imwe yematambudziko makuru kune vatengi nevashandi ndeyekunyora chaizvo kuti / vakasangana sei nehutachiona (kureva, pakutakura veruzhinji kuenda / kubva kubasa, kumusangano kana kuratidzwa kwemugwagwa.

Kuwana Mhosva

Makambani mazhinji (kureva., Carnival Corporation muridzi weDaily Princess), vanonyoresa ngarava dzavo munyika dzine mitemo yakareruka yevashandi. Zvinosuruvarisa kuti vanhu vanobva munyika idzi vari kushaiwa basa uye chokwadi chekuti pekugara pevashandi vengarava vanoonekwa sevasingasviki, mubhadharo wakaderera uye pane kuchengetedzeka kwebasa - aya mamiriro ezvinhu anotangira haasi chipingamupinyi pakutsvaga kwavo zvebasa, sekumwe basa uye cheki yekubhadhara iri nani pane imwe sarudzo.

Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti pane musiyano pakati pevashandi nevashandi. Nhengo dzevashandi dzinosanganisira vanomirira, uye vanochenesa vane pekugara pakurara pa "B-dhikiki" (iri pazasi pemutsara wemvura) uye vanopa bhatani-dhizaini dhizaini ine pakati pemabhedha emabhedha e1-4, chigaro, nzvimbo diki yezvipfeko uye pamwe neTV uye runhare. Inotevera danho padanho repamusoro nderaVashandi vanogona kunge vachisanganisira varaidzo, mamaneja, vashandi vemuzvitoro nemapurisa uye vanopihwa dzimba imwechete pa "A-deck," iri pamusoro pemvura.

Vashandi pane ngarava vanoshanda mazuva manomwe pavhiki zvichibva pachibvumirano chinomirira yakatsanangurwa nhamba yemwedzi. Mushandi wekicheni anotarisira anogona kuwana $ 7 pamwedzi uye kushanda maawa gumi nemaviri pazuva, mazuva manomwe pavhiki kwemwedzi mitanhatu (1949). Panzvimbo pezuva rakazara rekuzorora, vashandi vanoshanda pane inochinja inotenderera, saka vanowana imwe nguva zuva rega rega.

Zvirwere Zvinowana Nzvimbo Yavo Inofadza

Iyo yekugara yekugara / yekudyira dzimba dzevashandi, pamwe chete neyakaomarara basa rongedzero, inogadzira yakakwana nharaunda yekupararira kwechirwere. Kuhuwandu hwevanhu vanogara uye vanoshanda munzvimbo diki vanowedzera huwandu hwevakuru vevatakurwi avo vanowanzo kuve vari nyore kubatwa nezvirwere pamwe nekushushikana kwepanyama uye kwepfungwa kunogona kuita kuti avo huripo hurwere huwedzere uye nharaunda yakakwana yekupararira kwechirwere zvakasikwa.

Chirevo cheCentre for Disease Control (CDC) chakawana kuti boka revashandi veDiamond Princess rakanyanya kukanganiswa vaive vashandi vechikepe chevashandi vechikafu. Vashandi ava vaive nehukama hwepedyo nevatakuri, nemidziyo nendiro zvavaishandisa. Pakati pevashandi vegumi gumi nevatanhatu vaive mubhodhi, huwandu hwevashandi makumi maviri vakaedzwa vaine hutachiona hweCovid1068 uye hweboka iri, gumi nevashanu vaive vashandi vechikafu. Pakazara, vangangoita 20 muzana yevashandi vengarava makumi maviri nemana makumi maviri nevashandi vechikafu vakarwara.

Gerardo Chowell, nyanzvi yemasvomhu kubva kuGeorgia State University (Atlanta, Georgia) naKenji Mizumoto, murapi wezvirwere kubva kuKyoto University (Japan) akawana kuti zuva rakaiswa voga pachikepe cheDiamond Princess chikepe, munhu mumwe akabatira vamwe vanopfuura vanomwe uye Kupararira kwakagadziriswa nenzvimbo dzepedyo uye nzvimbo dzinobata dzakasvibiswa nehutachiona); zvisinei, nekukurumidza apo vafambi vakaiswa kwavo vega hutachiona hwakapararira hwaderera kumunhu mumwe.

Pfungwa dzangu dzakagadzirwa

Kunyangwe iine data, yambiro uye kufa, kune vazhinji vatengi vasingazodzoserwa kubva kuzororo cruise. Hurtigruten's MS Finnmarken nguva pfupi yadarika akagamuchira 200 vafambi parwendo rwemazuva gumi nemaviri vachitevedza mhenderekedzo yeNorway. Vafambi ava vaive chikamu chegungwa rekutanga kutora nzvimbo kubva pakaitika chirwere checoronavirus chakavhundutsa indasitiri uye chakaunza kufamba kwechikepe. Zvichida jogirafi ine chekuita nesarudzo yekufamba nechikepe; vazhinji vevatakurwi vaibva kuNorway neDenmark uko huwandu hwehutachiona hunoramba hwakadzikira uye zvirambidzo zvakamiswa. Iyo yeNorway cruise line, inoshandiswa neiyo yakasarudzika SeaDream mutsara, yakasiya Oslo muna Chikumi 12, 20 uye kudiwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwave kwakakura kwazvo zvekuti kambani iri kuwedzera rwendo rwechipiri mudunhu rimwe chete.

Paul Gauguin Cruises (anoshanda naPaul Gauguin muSouth Pacific) akarongerwa kutangazve zviitiko zvidiki-zvengarava muna Chikunguru 2020, achizadzisa COVID-Safe Protocol. Iyo kambani inotaura kuti nekuda kweiyo diki saizi yezvikepe, zvivakwa zvekurapa, maprotocol uye nechikwata chayo chebhodhi, vakagadzira nharaunda yakachengeteka yevatakuri. Iyo masisitimu nemaitiro akagadzirwa mukubatana pamwe neInstitut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Mediterranee Infection yeMarseilles, inotungamira nzvimbo mumunda wezvirwere zvinotapukira uye Battalion yeMarine Firemen yeMarseilles

Zvinyorwa zvinosanganisira:

Kuongorora kwevanhu uye zvinhu zvisati zvaitika kuboarding.
Kutevera nzira dzekuchenesa dzakayerwa neUS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) uye World Health Organisation (WHO).
Maitiro ekushamwaridzana munharaunda.
Vasati vakwira, vashanyi nevashandi vanofanirwa kuendesa fomu rekurapa rakasainwa riine gwaro remibvunzo yehutano rakapedzwa, vanoongororwa hutano nekuongororwa nevashandi vezvikepe.
Mikwende inourayiwa utachiona uchishandisa mhute yekuchenesa kana marambi eUV.
Masiki ekuvhiya nemachira, kuuraya utachiona zvipukuta uye mabhodhoro ezvekuchenesa maoko anopiwa vashanyi.
100 muzana mweya wakachena mu staterooms kuburikidza neasina-kutenderedza a / c masystem uye nemhepo mweya inovandudzwa munzvimbo dzinozivikanwa kanenge ka5 paawa.
Maresitorendi akagadziriswazve anopa kusangana-kushoma sarudzo dzemuchadenga.
Nzvimbo dzeruzhinji dzakabatwa pa50 muzana yekugara.
Yakakwira-inobata mapoinzi (kureva., Masuo anobata uye handrails) akauraya utachiona paawa neEcoLab peroxide, kubvisa utachiona, mabhakitiriya uye kudzivirira kubva kuhutachiona hwehutachiona.
Nhengo dzevashandi vanopfeka mamask kana vhiza rekudzivirira pavanosangana nevashanyi.
Vaenzi vakakumbira kupfeka masiki mumikoto yemukoto uye vakakurudzirwa munzvimbo dzeruzhinji.
Zvishandiso zvechipatara zviri mubhodhi zvinosanganisira zviteshi zvevarabhoritari zvepamhepo zvinobvumidza kuyedzwa panzvimbo-yezvirwere zvinotapukira kana zvekupisa.
Yepamberi yekuongorora michina (Ultrasound, radiology, uye ropa kuongororwa kwehupenyu) zviripo.
Chiremba uye mukoti pabhodhi yechikepe chega chega.
Zodiacs inourayiwa utachiona mushure mekumira kwese.
Kukwidzirazve mushure mekushanya kwemahombekombe kwakatenderwa chete mushure mekunge vafambi vapfuura cheki yekushisa uye nekutevera nzira dzekuuraya hutachiona.

Vafambisi vengarava mune dzimwe nyika (kureva, France, Portugal, USA) vachiri kuyedza kuona zuva rekutanga. Zvichida kuti kana makambani atangazve, vachatarisa parwendo rwenzvimbo pfupi uye vorega kuyambuka miganhu yenyika kune mitemo yakaoma uye inowanzovhiringidza. Kurambidzwa kwekufamba pakati penyika kunoreva kuti vazhinji vanofamba ngarava vanogona kunge vari vashanyi vekumba.

Kuenda Mberi. Izvo Zvese Migwagwa Yezvikepe Inofanirwa Kuita

Sangano reInternational Cruise Victims Association rinokurudzira kuti:

Bhara chiremba wechirwere chengarava yega yega yezvikepe muzvikepe kuti nesainzi uone mhando uye mavambo echirwere chinotapukira. Iyo nyanzvi inofanirwa kuve inofanirwa kuendesa chirevo kuCDC uye kuti iwanikwe kune veruzhinji pawebhusaiti yeCDC.
Congress inofanirwa kuda mitsara yekufamba kuenda ku:
Nonotsa rwendo rwunotevera zvichitevera kubuda kwerudzi rupi zvupi rwechirwere pasina nguva inonzwisisika pakati pechikepe chekuchenesa uye kuisa utachiona.
Bhadhara vanorwara vashandi kana vachinge varwara.
Bvumidza vatakuri kukanzura / kurongedzazve rwendo rwekufamba pasina chirango kana vachinyanya kunetseka nezvehutano hwavo.
Iva pachena uye uburitse pachena, nenzira yakakodzera, apo ngarava yati yawana chirwere, pasati pakwira vanhu.
Gadzira zvirevo zvakajeka zvine chekuita nevatakurwi uye nhengo dzevashandi chero nguva paine zvirwere zvinoda kuiswa kwega.
Tora zvirongwa zvakajeka uye zvakaenzana zvinodzivirira nhengo dzevashandi kubva kuzvirwere zvinotapuriranwa uye nekupa yako yekuchengetedza midziyo (PPE) inosanganisira masiki, magirazi uye magurovhosi.

Unofanira Kugara Kana Iwe Unofanira Kuenda

Kana iwe ukafunga kutora rwendo rwekufamba, uchiona kuti mubairo wakakura kupfuura njodzi, pane nhanho shomanana dzinogona kutorwa nevatakuri kuitira kudzora hutano hwavo:

Usati wagadzira ngarava yekushanyira shanyira webhusaiti www.cdc.gov/nceh/vsp/default.htm uye tarisa chikepe chekuongorora. Chikamu che 85 kana chezasi hachigamuchirwe.
Gadziridza chinzvimbo chekudzivirira, kusanganisira furuwenza, diphtheria, pertussis, majekiseni etetenasi, uye varicella (kana isina kumbove nechirwere ichi).
Wana majekiseni ekudzivirira zvirwere zvinotakurwa nezvikafu zvakadai setyphoid uye hepatitis.
Vese vana vanoperekedza vakuru vanofanirwa kuve nemishonga yekudzivirira gwirikwiti.
Huya nemushonga unouraya utachiona (kureva, handi-wipes, mushonga unouraya utachiona, mushonga wekuchenesa maoko) uye pukuta zvese (mukwende, zvigubvu zvemba, fenicha, zvigadziri, mapombi, hanger dzedhiropu… zvese).
Dzivisa kubata mabhanhire uye handrails. Shandisa magurovhosi orisheni kuti upatsanure minwe yako kubva kuzvinhu zvese.
Usakwazisana nemunhu.
Inwa mvura yakawanda - gara uine hydrated.
Paunonzwa izwi rekuti "Kodhi Tsvuku" ngarava ichave iri mukati mekuvhara (inogona kunge iri semhedzisiro yekuonekwa kweiyo norovirus kana chimwe chirwere chinotapukira). Panguva ino mikova yeruzhinji icharamba yakavhurika; zvese zvekudya zvichagoverwa (hapana buffet kana midziyo yakagovaniswa); tarisa vashandi vanoita kuchenesa kwakanyanya uye kuuraya utachiona munzvimbo dzeruzhinji nemakoridho.
Vatariri vengarava dzechikepe vanofanirwa kuraira vafambi nezvezvinhu zvine njodzi nezviratidzo zvezvirwere zvemudumbu uye hutachiona hwekufema uye kuti zviratidzo zvinofanirwa kuziviswa kuchipatara chengarava pavanongorwara.
Management inofanirwa kuzivisa vafambi nezvekukosha kwekupatsanurwa kwevamwe kana vachirwara (kusara mumakamuri avo kudzivirira kuparadzira chirwere kune vamwe vafambi).

Kwokutendeukira

Mitsetse yechikepe inoshanda munzvimbo yakaoma. Iko hakuna hurumende kana epasi rese anotonga masangano anoteedzera zviitiko zve COVID-19 ine zvinongedzo zvekufambisa ngarava (neruzivo rwunowanikwa kuruzhinji). Dhata rakaringana rinofanira kuwanikwa uye kugovaniswa nevatengi, vatongi, masayendisiti / vaongorori uye nyanzvi dzezvehutano kuitira kuti pave nekuongororwa kwakaringana kwenjodzi dzinosanganisirwa nerwendo. Sekureva kwaDr. Roderick King, CEO weFlorida Institute for Health Innovation, "Kana zvasvika padenda, zvese ndezvekuverenga."

Dhipatimendi reUS rekutakura rinogona kubatsira. Federal Maritime Commission (FMC) inoda kuti vafambisi vengarava dzevatakuri dzinotakura vatakuri makumi mashanu + kubva pachiteshi cheUS kuti vave nemari inokwanisa kudzorera vashanyi vavo kana chikepe chakamiswa. FMC inodawo humbowo hwekugona kubhadhara zvichemo zvinobva mukukuvara kwevafambi kana kufa izvo izvo mutyairi wengarava anogona kuve nemhosva. Kana chikepe chikamiswa kana paine kukuvara panguva yechikepe, mutengi anofanira kutanga chiito (fmc.gov).

Iyo US Coast Guard inoona nezvekuchengetedza ngarava uye ngarava inofamba mumvura yeUS inofanirwa kusangana nematanho eU.S. ekuchengetedza moto, kudzima moto nemidziyo inoponesa, hunyanzvi hwemvura, kudzora ngarava, kuchengetedzwa kwekufamba, kugona kwevashandi uye kugona kwevashandi, kuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza. .

Iyo Cruise Vessel Kudzivirirwa uye Kudzivirirwa Mutemo (2010), inoratidzira chengetedzo uye chengetedzo zvinodikanwa kune dzakawanda ngarava dzinofamba dzinomuka dzichidzika muUSA. Mutemo unoraira kuti nhoroondo dzezviito zvematsotsi dziunzwe kuFBI.

Ngarava dzechikepe dzinodikanwa (46 USC 3507 / c / 1) kuve negwaro rekuchengetedza rinowanikwa kune vanofamba. Iri gwaro rinopa ruzivo rwunosanganisira rondedzero yevashandi vekurapa nekuchengetedzeka vakasarudzwa mubhodhi kudzivirira uye kupindura kumamiriro ezvematsotsi uye zvekurapa uye nemabatirwo emitemo anowanikwa maererano nezviitiko zvematsotsi.

Chirongwa kana Chipikirwa

Iyo Cruise Line International Association (CLIA), indasitiri yakatsigira sangano rekutengeserana, rinoti indasitiri iyi iri kutevera CDC yakarairwa kumisa kufamba kwechikepe kuitira kuti igadzire mapuratifomu ayo achapa zviyero zvakakwikwidza zvekukwirisa uye kuongorora kwevanotakura, kusimudzira nharaunda, uye nyowani. sarudzo dzekudya. Panogona kunge paine ekuwedzera pazvikwata zvekurapa uye kuchipatara-nhanho yehutsanana.

Kana uye kana iwe ukafunga kuita rwendo rwekufamba rwendo, runhare runotevera runofanira kunge rwuri kune inishuwarenzi kuti aone mutemo wakanaka unobata chero chinhu nezvose kubva pagumbo rakatyoka kuenda kuCOVID-19. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzeindasitiri dzinokurudzira mutemo we "Cancel for Any Reason". Iyi sarudzo yekusarudzika inogona kudzorera vafambi makumi manomwe neshanu muzana emutengo werwendo uye ndiyo yega sarudzo inobvumidza vafambi kukanzura rwendo rwavo chero chikonzero chisina kuvharwa nemutemo wakasarudzika, kusanganisira kurambidzwa kwekufamba kana kutya kwekufamba nekuda kwekonavirus.

© Dr. Elinor Garely. Ichi chinyorwa chekopirisita, kusanganisira mapikicha, chingangodaro chichiburitswa pasina mvumo yakanyorwa kubva kumunyori

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