Zuva nezuva, mabhiriyoni emabhakitiriya anogara mugadziriro yako yezvokudya anochinja; chikafu chaunodya, mishonga yaunotora, uye utachiona hwaunosangana nahwo hunoita kuti mamwe mabhakitiriya akure kupfuura mamwe. Masayendisiti anoziva kuti ichi chinogara chichichinja chiyero chehutachiona hwehutachiona hwakabatana nehutano hwako uye chirwere, asi vakanetseka kupinza pasi izvo zvinoita kuti imwe hutachiona huve nani pane imwe.
Mumakore gumi adarika, masayendisiti agara achitsanangura microbiome yemunhu — kuunganidzwa kweutachiona hunowanikwa muura hwemunhu — nekuratidza kuti ndeapi marudzi emabhakitiriya aripo, uye muhuwandu hupi. Iye zvino, boka revatsvakurudzi rinotungamirirwa naKatie Pollard, PhD, kuGladstone Institutes vakabudisa zvidzidzo zviviri zvitsva zvinoratidza kutarisa hutanho hwebhakitiriya-uye kwete chete mhando-inogona kupa ruzivo rwakanaka kune microbiome.
Mhando dzemabhakitiriya dzakangofanana nemarudzi embwa kana madomasi—zvikamu zvemarudzi mamwe chete, asi akasiyana.
Mune imwe ongororo yakaburitswa mujenari Nature Biotechnology, lab yaPollard yakashanda naStephen Nayfach, PhD, sainzi wezvekutsvagisa kuUS department reEnergy Joint Genome Institute, kugadzira nzira nyowani yekuongorora hutachiona hwehutachiona huripo mune microbiome sampuli yakawanda. nekukurumidza uye zvinokwanisika kupfuura tekinoroji iripo. Iyo nzira nyowani, Pollard anodaro, ichaita kuti vaongorori vakwanise kuita ongororo dzakakura uye dzakanyatsojeka dzeiyo microbiome kupfuura nakare kose.
Mune rimwe bepa rakasiyana rakabudiswa pamhepo muGenome Research, Pollard akashanda pamwe nemaLabs aBenjamin Good, PhD, naMichael Snyder, PhD, kuStanford University kuronda mhando dzebhakitiriya dziri mumicrobiome yemunhu mumwe panguva gumi nepfumbamwe dzakasiyana pamusoro pe19- mwedzi, kusanganisira pamberi uye pashure kosi yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Vakaona kuti, mune dzimwe nguva, kuwanda kwerudzi rwebhakitiriya kwakaramba kusingachinji pakati penguva, asi marudzi erudzi irworwo akachinja zvikuru.
Kuita Microbiomes Zvinoreva
Mukati mematumbo ako, mabhakitiriya anogona kuita zvinopfuura kungogaya chikafu chako. Chokwadi, zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti vanhu vane zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana sechirwere chekuzvimba bowel, asthma, autism, chirwere cheshuga, uye cancer vane mabhakitiriya akasiyana mumasystem avo ekugaya zvichienzaniswa nevanhu vane hutano. Asi mashoma marapirwo akanangana neiyo microbiome abuda kubva pane izvi zvakaonekwa kusvika zvino.
Sezvo bhakitiriya rega rega riine genetic code, masayendisiti anovimba neDNA kutevedzana kuti aburitse kuti mabhakitiriya anogara kupi chero munhu akapihwa microbiome. Asi kuongorora kutevedzana kweDNA kwakaoma nekuda kwehukuru uye kuoma kwe data. Kunyangwe vaongorori vachigona kushandisa nzira dziripo kuti vaone kuti ndezvipi zvipenyu zviripo, izvi zvinongopa chikamu chemufananidzo wekusiyana uye basa reiyo microbiome. Imhaka yekuti marudzi akasiyana emhando imwe chete yebhakitiriya anogona kuchengetedza misiyano yemajini, iyo inowanzova yakakura zvakakwana kuti iite maitiro akasiyana.
Kusvika parizvino, kuona misiyano yemajini mumuenzaniso wemicrobiome inoda simba repamusoro rekombuta uye kuchengetedza kwegore-chimwe chinhu chisingawanikwe kune mazhinji marabhu. Vatsvaguri vakafanirwa kuenzanisa mamirioni ezvimedu zveDNA kubva kumajenomes ezviuru zvemabhakitiriya aripo mumicrobiome kune dhatabhesi rine kutevedzana kwechero microorganism inozivikanwa, vachishandisa nzira inozivikanwa sekutevedzana kwekuenzanisa.
Pollard nevamwe vake vaiziva kuti kureba kwemajenome kutevedzana kwakajairwa pakati pemarudzi mazhinji ebhakitiriya kana majena. Saka, aya anoteedzana haagone kushandiswa kubatsira kuonesa hutambudziko hwehutachiona. Tichifemerwa nemaitiro anoongorora chete matunhu akasiyana-siyana ejenome remunhu, timu yakatanga kutsvaga huwandu hushoma hweruzivo rwekutevedzana chavaizoda kubvisa kubva kune data remicrobiome kuti vaone kuti ndeapi marudzi airi.
Vatsvagiri vakaongorora pamusoro pe100,000 inowanikwa pachena uye yepamusoro-mhando genomes kubva angangoita mazana mapfumbamwe emarudzi ebhakitiriya anowanzo kuwanikwa mudumbu remunhu. Vakawana 900 miriyoni tambo pfupi dzeDNA mumabhakitiriya genomes anosiyana kazhinji pakati pemhando dzebhakitiriya. Ipapo, vakashandisa ruzivo urwu kugadzira algorithm nyowani, yakanzi GenoTyper yeProkaryotes (GT-Pro), inotsvaga iyo microbiome sequence data yemachisi chaiwo kune kiyi tambo dzinoita sezviziviso zvehutachiona hwehutachiona. Kusiyana neyakapfuura kutevedzana nzira dzekurongeka, GT-Pro inokodzera mundangariro yelaptop uye haidi yakakwira-inoshanda komputa uye makore kiredhiti.
Nzvimbo yekutsvagisa yakamboganhurwa nenyaya yekuti mashoma maLab pasirese ane mari kana komputa hardware yekuongorora microbiome data pakugadziriswa kwematambudziko.
Pamberi uye shure kweAntibiotics
Imwe yemibvunzo iyo microbiome vatsvakurudzi vanga vachiyedza kupindura mumakore achangopfuura ndeyekuti yakawanda sei iyo microbiome inochinja mumuviri wemunhu mumwe nekufamba kwenguva. Mubvunzo uyu wakapindurwa padanho rezvipenyu; masayendisiti akacherechedza kuti kuumbwa kwemhando dzema microbiomes evanhu kunoshanduka sei pamwe nekudya, chirwere, kana shanduko yezvakatipoteredza. Asi mhedzisiro yatadza kutsanangura kuti iyo microbiome inowana sei mabasa matsva, senge antibiotic kuramba kana kugona kumisa chemotherapy mishonga, kana kuumbwa kwemhando kunoramba kwakagadzikana mwedzi nemwedzi.
Pollard nevamwe vake vaida kunyura mumubvunzo uyu padanho rakadzama, nekuongorora kuti mhando dzebhakitiriya, kwete zvipenyu chete, dzinoshanduka sei nekufamba kwenguva. Ivo vakadzokorora nzira yakagadzirirwa kuteedzera maseru emunhu mumwe uye vakaishandisa kubhakodha mabhakitiriya eDNA mamorekuru. Izvi zvakaita kuti boka rikwanise kuronda rudzi rwebhakitiriya mumunhu mumwe mukati mekudzidza kwemwedzi mishanu.
Chikwata chakateedzera microbiome yemunhu ane hutano kanenge kamwe pasvondo pamusoro pemwedzi mishanu. Munguva iyoyo yenguva, nyaya yacho yakashamisika kuti ine chirwere cheLyme uye yakagamuchira 5-vhiki yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya-inozivikanwa kubvisa marudzi akawanda ebhakitiriya, kusanganisira ayo anogara mumatumbo evanhu.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, ichi chaive chokwadi-dzimwe mhando, uye mhando, dzehutachiona hwakanga huchigadzikana zvinoshamisa, huripo husina kushanduka genomes pakutanga uye kupera kwemwedzi-mishanu. Asi mune zvimwe zviitiko, mhando dziripo mushure memishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yakanga yakasiyana neaya epakutanga kunyange zvazvo kuwanda kwezvipenyu hakuna kuchinja. Zvakakosha, misiyano iyi ingadai yakapotsa dai timu yakangoongorora mhando dziripo mune yega yega microbiome sample.
Kunyangwe iyo GT-Pro algorithm yanga isati yavepo kuti ishandiswe muchidzidzo ichi, Pollard anoti ichaita kuti zvidzidzo zvemangwana zvakafanana zvive nyore-uye zvakachipa-kuita.
Kuchata Nzira Itsva yeMicrobiome Zvidzidzo
Utachiona huri mumuviri wako hwakafanana nesango—nzvimbo mhenyu, inochinja-chinja ine zvipenyu zvinogara pamwe chete mukudzikama. Kana vachitarisa mifananidzo yesatellite kubva kumusoro, vezve ecologist vanogona kutarisa zvakadzama, shanduko dzakanyanya kusango, asi ivo vanozorasikirwa nekunaka kuomarara kunoumba nharaunda.
Saizvozvo, avo vanodzidza iyo microbiome nekuona kuti marudzi anoshanduka sei vanga vachiwana maonero epamusoro-soro etiweki, uye vachiona chete hukama huri pachena kune hutano uye chirwere. Asi neGT-Pro uye maonero matsva ehutachiona hwehutachiona, Pollard anoti, zvitsva zvinongedzo zvichabuda pachena.
ZVOKUBVA MUNYAYA INO:
- In one study published in the journal Nature Biotechnology, Pollard’s lab worked with Stephen Nayfach, PhD, a research scientist at the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, to develop a new computational method to analyze the strains of bacteria present in a microbiome sample much more quickly and affordably than existing technologies.
- In a separate paper published online in Genome Research, Pollard collaborated with the labs of Benjamin Good, PhD, and Michael Snyder, PhD, at Stanford University to track the strains of bacteria present in one person’s microbiome at 19 different time points over a 5-month period, including before and after a course of antibiotics.
- Researchers had to compare millions of DNA fragments from the genomes of thousands of bacteria present in the microbiome to a database with the sequences of every known microorganism, using a technique known as sequence alignment.
