Hawaii yanga iri pasi pekurwiswa chaiko mangwanani ano. Izvi zvaive zvechokwadi kunyangwe dai yambiro yekurwiswa kwechimbichimbi yakabviswa uye hapana bhomba rakarova Aloha State. Yakanga iri yekumuka chaiko kune vashanyi uye vagari zvakafanana. Chokwadi icho vanhu vaifanira kufunga kweinenge awa pamusoro pekuguma kwavo kwaizouya chaive chiitiko chekurwadziswa chichayeukwa nevashanyi vazhinji pavanenge vachironga rwendo rwavo rwekuHawaii kwenguva yakareba iri kuuya. Kwakanga kusiri chibhorani.
Meseji yenhema yekukurumidzira yakaraira munhu wese muHawaii kuti atsvage pekugara.
Hapana chakatsanangurwa kupi uye chii kana sei?
Kwakaparira kutya pakati pavashanyi navagari vomunzvimbomo nenzira yakafanana vasingazivi zvokuita, vakawanda vachifonera vadzimai vavo, varume, vabereki, hanzvadzi, mwanakomana, uye vanasikana vachivaudza kuti vanovada.
Mangwanani eMugovera uyu kwaive kutyisa kumunhu wese muHawaii uye zvaive zvisina basa. Hapana chikonzero chekuti munhu akwanise kudzvanya bhatani risiri iro. Kukumbira ruregerero kwagavhuna kwaisekesa kana kusiri kukomba kwemamiriro ezvinhu.
Hapana chikonzero chekuti zvanga zvisingaite muHawaii kufonera 911 kweanopfuura maminetsi makumi mana kubva kunharembozha uye zhinji kumba kana hofisi foni.
Panofanira kunge paine hurongwa hwechipiri hwekuona kuti nhare dzechimbichimbi dzadairwa. Kurekodha kwakapfava kuchiti pakanga pasina kutyisidzira uye kugara pamutsara kune chero imwe emergency ingadai yakazviita.
Washington DC, dunhu guru renyika rine hurongwa huripo kana paine kurwisa kwenyukireya kuUnited States. Dzvanya pano kuti uverenge ruzivo (PDF)
Verenga rairo iripo neFederal Government
Izvi zvinotevera zvakavakirwa paongororo ichangoburwa uye ichangoburwa US Federal Guidance uye inoshanda kune IND detonation mune chero nzvimbo. Zvikamu zvinotevera zvinotsanangura zviito zvekupindura kwenharaunda kutsigira kushandiswa kwehutungamiri hunobva pakuongorora kwekufungidzira kwe10-kT IND detonation muNCR. Nhungamiro yakakura uye ruzivo rwemhinduro kuIND yakaburitswa nguva pfupi yadarika nehurumende yeFederal, kanzuru yesainzi yenyika, nemamwe masangano sekutsanangurwa kwazvino mundima dzinotevera. Tsvagiridzo ichangoburwa mumakore mashoma apfuura yakabatsira kuvandudza zvakanyanya manzwisisiro edu ezviito zvakakodzera kune veruzhinji uye vanopindura nharaunda kuti vatore mushure mekuputika kwenyukireya. Zvakawanda zvetsvakurudzo iyi munguva pfupi yapfuura zvakasimbiswa muNational Academies Bridge Journal pamusoro peNuclear Danger, zvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mugwaro razvino. The Federal Planning Guidance for Response to Nuclear Detonation yakagadzirwa neinteragency Federal committee inotungamirwa neHofisi yeSainzi neTekinoroji Policy, 2nd Ed, Chikumi 2010 (EOP, 2010).
Iri gwaro rebvumirano rekupindirana rinopa ruzivo rwakanyanya rwemashure pamusoro pemhedzisiro yekuputika kwenyukireya uye kurudziro yakakosha yekupindura. Tsanangudzo yaro yenzvimbo (kukuvadzwa uye kudonha) ndiyo chiyero chekugadzirisa mhinduro uye inofanirwa kubatanidzwa mune chero maitiro ekuronga. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP) Chirevo Nhamba 165, Responding to a Radiological or Nuclear Terrorism Incident: Guide for Decision Makers, yakaburitswa muna Kukadzi 2011 uye chiyero chenyika chinopa sainzi uye chinovaka pane dzakawanda pfungwa dzeKuronga Nhungamiro. Kuti uwane ruzivo rwehutano hweveruzhinji, chinyorwa chese chejenari reDisaster Medicine nePublic Health Preparedness chakatsaurirwa kuhutano hweveruzhinji hune chekuita nemhedzisiro yehugandanga hwenyukireya. Zvese zvinyorwa zviripo zvemahara. Key Response Planning Factors for the Aftermath of Nuclear Terrorism yakagadziridzwa naLawrence Livermore National Laboratory mukutsigira basa rekugadzirira DHS rakaburitswa muna 2009.
DHS Strategy yeKunatsurudza Mapinduriro eNyika uye Kudzoreredza kubva kuIND Attack, Kubvumbi 2010, inotyora chirongwa chekuronga mhinduro dzeIND ichidzika muzvikamu zvinomwe zvine zvinangwa zvinotsigira. Iri rinogona kunge riri gwaro rakakosha kutungamira nyika uye dunhu kuronga hurongwa sezvo basa rakawanda rakatopinda munguva yakaganhurwa zvinodiwa zveDzidziso / Zvirongwa, Sangano, Kudzidziswa, Zvishandiso, Hutungamiri, Vashandi, Zvishandiso, uye Mitemo / Zviremera / Zvipo. /Mitemo.
“Gwaro iri nderekushandisa zviri pamutemo chete uye rinogona kuwanikwa paImprovised Nuclear Devices Channel yeLessons Learned Information System (www.LLIS.dhs.gov) Zvinokosheswa Kupindura Neruzhinji Kupenya kwakajeka kunokwanisa kuonekwa kwemazana emamaira kunogona kupofumadza kwenguva pfupi vazhinji veavo vari kunze kunyange mamaira kubva pakuputika kwenyukireya. Kuputika uku kunogona kushandura zvidhinha zvakawanda zvemuguta kuita marara uye kunogona kupaza girazi pamusoro pemamaira gumi. Guruva nemarara zvinogona kufukidza mhepo kwemamaira, uye kudonha kunoburitsa mazinga anouraya emwaranzi kune avo vari kunze kunowira munzvimbo yepedyo uye kusvika mamaira makumi maviri kudzika nemhepo. Zvichave zvakaoma pakutanga kune avo vanobatwa zvakananga kuti vaongorore ukuru hwekuparadza. Pazuva rakajeka, gore rehowa rinogona kuoneka kubva kure, asi gore harigone kuchengetedza chimiro kupfuura maminetsi mashoma uye rinopeperetswa kunze kwenzvimbo nenzira imwe kana anopfuura mumaawa mashoma ekutanga.
. Chiito chakakosha chekuponesa hupenyu kune veruzhinji uye vanopindura ndechekutsvaga pekugara yakakwana kweinenge awa yekutanga. Mamiriro ezvinhu anokurukurwa mugwaro rino ingori imwe yemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemaitiro ekudonha, goho, uye nzvimbo dzekuparadza. Zvakakosha kusaronga kune imwe mamiriro ezvinhu, asi pane kuronga kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvakakosha zvisinei nezvakatsanangurwa.
Sezvineiwo, pfungwa dzedu dzinogona kuva muvengi wedu akaipisisa. Kupenya kwakajeka kwekuputika kwaizoonekwa ipapo ipapo munharaunda yese uye kungakonzera vanhu kuti vaswedere pedyo nemahwindo kuti vaone zviri kuitika sezvinoita masaisai anoputika anopwanya hwindo.
Kune 10-kT detonation, girazi rinogona kutyorwa nesimba rakakwana kukonzera kukuvara kunze kwe3 mamaira uye inogona kutora anopfuura 10 masekonzi kuti isvike iyi nhanho. Chimwe chishuvo chokukunda chishuvo chokutiza nzvimbo (kana kuti zvakatoipisisa, kumhanyira munzvimbo dzinopunzika kuti ubatanezve nemitezo yemhuri), izvo zvinogona kuisa vanhu panze mumaminiti mashoma okutanga nemaawa apo kuratidzirwa kwokuputsika kuri kukuru.
Avo vari kunze kana kuti vari mumotokari vachava nedziviriro shoma pamwaranzi inopinza inobva muzvikamu zvinodonha sezvainoungana pamatenga nepasi. Pekugara chinhu chekutanga chakakosha kune veruzhinji mukati megirazi rakaputsika uye nzvimbo yekukuvara kwekuputika, iyo inogona kuenderera kwemaira akati wandei kumativi ese kubva pakuputika. Pane mukana wekuti nzvimbo dzakawanda dzenzvimbo dzinogona kusakanganiswa nekudonha; zvisinei, zvinenge zvisingabviri kusiyanisa pakati peutsi hweradioactive uye nonradioactive, guruva, uye marara anozogadzirwa nechiitiko (ona Mufananidzo 5). Zvingangove zvine njodzi mazinga ekudonha anogona kutanga kudonha mukati memaminetsi mashoma.
Avo vari kunze vanofanira kutsvaga pekugara muchimiro chakasimba chiri pedyo. Zvisineyi kuti chimiro chacho chisiri munjodzi yekudonha kana kutsva, vari mukati vanofanira kugara mukati uye vofamba zviri pasi pevhu (semuenzaniso, mukamuri yepasi kana yepasi pegaraji rekupaka) kana kusvika pauriri hwepakati hwekongiri ine nyaya dzakawanda kana chivakwa chezvidhina.
Avo vanhu vari muzvivakwa zviri kutyisidzirwa nekupunzika kana moto, kana izvo zviri muchiedza (semuenzaniso, zvivakwa zvenyaya imwe chete zvisina dzimba dzepasi) vanofanirwa kufunga nezvekuenda kune imwe yakatarisana yakasimba chimiro kana nzira yepasi pevhu. Girazi, zvinhu zvakadzingwa, uye marara mumigwagwa nemigwagwa zvinozoita kuti kufamba kunetse. Kusiya nzvimbo kunofanira kutariswa chete kana nzvimbo yacho ikava isina kuchengetedzeka nekuda kwemoto kana dzimwe njodzi, kana kana vakuru venzvimbo vakataura kuti hazvina njodzi kutama Kuedza kunofanira kuitwa kudzikamisa vakakuvara kuburikidza nerubatsiro rwekutanga uye kunyaradza pavanenge vakavharirwa. Kunyangwe kumirira maawa mashoma usati watsvaga kurapwa kunogona kuderedza zvakanyanya mukana wekufumurwa.
Fallout inosundwa nemhepo dzepamusoro-muchadenga dzinogona kufamba nekukurumidza kupfuura mhepo dzepamusoro, kazhinji dzinopfuura mamaira zana paawa. Kunze kwenzvimbo yemahwindo akaputsika, vanhu vanofanirwa kuve neanosvika maminetsi gumi kudonha kusati kwasvika kune yakakura multikiloton goho. Kana detonation yaizoitika mukati menguva yemasikati pazuva risina kuvharwa negore, gore rinodonha rinogona kuoneka pachinhambwe ichi, kunyange hazvo kuyera gwara chairo kuchigona kunetsa sezvo gore riri kukura richiramba richikwira uye richikwanisa kufamba munzira dzinopfuura imwe. Chero mamiriro emuchadenga asingavanze kuoneka, nhanho dzine njodzi dzekudonha dzinogona kuoneka nyore kana zvidimbu zvinodonha. Vanhu vanofanira kupinda mudzimba nekukasika kana jecha, madota, kana mvura ine ruvara ikatanga kunaya munzvimbo yavo.
Pamakiromita makumi maviri kubva kure, kunonoka kunoonekwa pakati pekupenya kwekuputika uye "sonic boom" yemhepo inoputika ingapfuura maminitsi 20. Panguva iyi, hazviite kuti kudonha kunogona kukonzera kurwara neradiation, kunyangwe kuratidzwa kwekunze kuchiri kudzivirirwa kudzikisa njodzi yekenza yenguva refu. Veruzhinji vari pachinhambwe ichi vanofanira kuva nenguva, zvichida maminetsi makumi maviri kana kupfuura, kuti vagadzirire. Chekutanga chinofanira kuva chekuwana pekugara pakanaka. Vanhu vanofanira kuona nzvimbo yekugara yakanaka muchivako chavo chazvino, kana kuti kana chivako ichi chisina pekugara pari nani, funga nezvekutamira kune imwe nzvimbo yekugara iri nani kana paine chivakwa chihombe chine nhurikidzwa dzakawanda pedyo.
Pashure pokunge pokugara pachayo kuchengetedzwa, ngwariro inogona kupiwa kukuwana zvokuvamba zvakadai semabhatiri, redhiyo, zvokudya, mvura, mushonga, zvokuvata, uye zvimbudzi. Kunyangwe migwagwa yaigona kutanga isina kuvharika padanho iri (~ 20 mamaira), mukana wekufambisa vanhu vazhinji vari panjodzi kudonha kusati kwasvika hazviite, uye avo vari mumigwagwa yemigwagwa vangawana dziviriro shoma kubva mukudonha.
Dzvanya pano kuti uverenge mamwe mashoko. (PDF)
