Mazambiringa Anosvika
Pakanga pari panguva iyi pavakagadzira guta reGadir (yemazuva ano Cadiz) pamahombekombe anoyevedza ari kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweIberian Peninsula. Sezvavaipfuurira kupinda munharaunda iyi, vaFenikiya vakauya nemaamphorae, hari dzevhu dzaishandiswa kutakura uye kuchengeta zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira. waini.
Chakakwevera vaFenikiya kuurwu rutivi rwenyika kwakanga kuri kufanana kunoshamisa pakati pevhu, mamiriro okunze, uye geography zveIberia Peninsula nenyika yokumusha kwavo kuMiddle East. Kwakanga kuri kuwanwa kwaiva nevimbiso huru, nokuti vakaona bviro yokurima mazambiringa nokugadzira waini munzvimbomo nemhaka yokuti kuvimba kwavo neamphora pakutakura waini kwakanga kune mhinganidzo dzakwo; midziyo iyi yaiwanzodonha uye kuputsika mukati menzendo dzemugungwa dzaiwanzoita hunyengeri.
Kuti vakunde matambudziko ekugadzirwa kweamphorae, vaFenikiya vakasarudza kudyara mazambiringa munzvimbo dzakaorera uye dzakanyorova nezuva dzakapoteredza Gadir, zvichiratidza kutanga kwekugadzirwa kwewaini munharaunda yacho. Sezvo minda yemizambiringa yakakura, yakatanga kubereka mazambiringa anotapira, akaoma-gomarara ayo aitsvakwa zvikuru nokuda kwokugadzira waini munguva iyoyo. Nokufamba kwenguva, viticulture yenharaunda iyi yakashanduka uye yakakura, pakupedzisira yakabereka izvo zvatiri kuziva seSherry wine region. Hunhu hwakasiyana hwemazambiringa akarimwa muGadir, akasanganiswa nehunyanzvi hwekugadzira waini hwakagadziridzwa kwemazana emakore zvakabatsira mukunaka kwakasiyana uye hunhu hwakabatana neSherry waini.
Mimwe Mizambiringa Yakatumirwa
Vachitevera tsoka dzevaFenike, vaCarthagini vakasvika paIberian Peninsula neCartagena riri iro guta rinozivikanwa ravakavamba. Kuvapo kwavo kwakapfumisa kurimwa kwemazambiringa uye kugadzira waini munzvimbo iyi. Makore akapoteredza 1000 BC, vaRoma vakawedzera hutongi hwavo kuti hubatanidze chikamu chikuru cheSpain uye vakadyara mizambiringa yewaini kuti vatsigire varwi vavo nemisha yavo. Vaitochera zvimwiro zvematombo kuti waini ivirise uye vakanatsiridza kunaka kweamphorae. Kuwedzera uku kwakaunza kudyarwa kwakapararira kwemizambiringa uye kuunzwa kwemaitiro epamusoro eviticultural uye kugadzirwa kwewaini kwakanangana nematunhu maviri, Baetica (inoenderana neanhasi Andalusia) neTarraconensis (yava Tarragona).
VaMuslim Ongorora Kugadzirwa Kwemazambiringa
MaMoor, vagari vechiMuslim vekuNorth Africa, vakatanga kuvepo kwakakosha muIberian Peninsula (yanhasi Spain nePortugal) zvichitevera kukunda kwechiIslam muna 711 AD. Tsika nemutemo wechiIslam aive nesimba rakakosha mudunhu panguva iyi, kusanganisira kudya uye kunwa; zvisinei, maitiro avo ewaini nedoro akanga asina kunaka. Mitemo yezvekudya zvechiIslam, sezvakatsanangurwa muKorani, kazhinji inorambidza kunwiwa kwedoro, kusanganisira waini. Kurambidzwa kwacho kwakavakirwa pazvitendero nenheyo dzechitendero, zvichiguma neganhuriro pakugadzirwa, kutengesa, uye kunwa zvinwiwa zvinodhaka, kubatanidza waini.
Nepo Korani ichirambidza zviri pachena kunwiwa kwewaini nezvinodhaka, kushandiswa kwezvirambidzo izvi kunogona kusiyana pakati penharaunda dzechiMuslim. Munguva yekutonga kweMoor muIberian Peninsula, pakanga pasina kurambidzwa kwepasirese kana kusingachinji pakugadzirwa kwewaini. Hukuru uye kuomarara kwezvirambidzo pawaini nedoro zvakasiyana, zvichibva pavatongi venzvimbo, dudziro yemutemo weIslam, uye mamiriro chaiwo enhoroondo.
Kufurira kwaFranco paWaini
Kubva 1936-1939 (Spanish Civil War) uye makore akatevera hutongi hwaGeneral Francisco Franco, kugadzira waini kwaidzorwa zvakanyanya uye kazhinji kugadzira nekugovera kwaidzorwa nenyika. Hurumende yaidzora indasitiri kuitira kuti iite zvido zvehurumende kuburikidza nekugadza mitemo nekutonga kusanganisira kusikwa kweSpanish Wine Institute (Instituto Nacional de Denominaciones de Origen/ INDO) muna 1934. Basa racho raiva rekugadzirisa kunaka kwewaini uye kuchengetedza nharaunda mazita ekwakabva (Denomininacion de Origen) achiripo nanhasi. Vagadziri vewaini vaifanira kutevedzera mitemo yakasimba uye vaisakwanisa kugadzira waini isingaenderane nemitemo iyi.
The Phylloxera Epidemic
Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, Spain, kufanana nedzimwe nharaunda dzakawanda dzinogadzira waini pasi rose, yakatarisana nechipembenene chinoparadza chemizambiringa chinonzi phylloxera. Kuti kurwisa chipembenene ichi, icho chaityisidzira kuvapo chaiko kwemizambiringa, dzimwe nzvimbo dzakashandisa kudzura minda yemizambiringa ndokumbomira kugadzira waini. Iyi yanga isiri nyaya yemutemo asi kuti mhinduro kunjodzi yechisikigo yakakanganisa indasitiri yewaini.
Pakupedzisira, kuma1970
Kubva kuma1970s Spain yakaita shanduko dzakakura uye yachinja kubva pakunyanya kuzivikanwa nekugadzira waini yakawanda uye yakaderera kusvika pakuva imwe yenyika inotungamira mukugadzira waini nekutengesa kunze kwenyika inotsigirwa nekudyara kwemaitiro emazuva ano ekugadzira waini uye kutorwa kwemazambiringa ari nani. kukura maitiro.
Iyo Denominacion de Origen (DO) system yakatanga kumakore ekuma1930 uye yakawana kukosha sezvo yaitsanangura matunhu ewaini ane hunhu hwakasiyana, mhando dzemazambiringa, uye zviyero zvekugadzira - zvese zvakakosha mukusimudzira kunaka uye huchokwadi hwewaini kubva kuSpain. Tekinoroji yakavandudzwa inosanganisira kuvirisa kunodzora tembiricha uye midziyo iri nani.
Nepo vagadziri vewaini vanga vachiyedzawo marudzi emazambiringa epasi rose anosanganisira Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, neChardonnay pave nekutangazve mumhando dzemazambiringa dzekuzvarwa dzakadai seTempranillo, Garnacha neAlberino.
Impact Impact
Spain inonyanya kutora chikamu mumusika wewaini wepasi rose uye ine huvepo hwakasimba muEurope, United States, neAsia. Spain ine nzvimbo yakakura kwazvo yeminda yemizambiringa nekuwedzera kunoshamisa mumakore mashanu apfuura uko mahekita anopfuura 950,000 akatsaurirwa kurima mizambiringa. Kubudirira uku kwakwezva mari yekune dzimwe nyika yakakosha nebazi rinowana 816.18 miriyoni maEuro kubva kune dzimwe nyika mumakore gumi apfuura. Hong Kong inomira seyekutanga investor, ichipa 92 muzana yekudyara muchikamu ichi muna 2019.
Spain inobata mutsauko wekuve yechitatu pakukura mugadziri wewaini pasi rose ine huvepo hwakakura mumatunhu makumi matanhatu akasiyana uye Denominations of Origin (DO). Zvikuru, Rioja nePriorat ndiwo ega matunhu eSpanish anokodzera seDOCa, zvichireva mwero wepamusoro wemhando mukati meDO.
Muna 2020, kugadzirwa kwewaini yeSpain kwakasvika 43.8 miriyoni hectoliters (International Organisation of Vine uye Wine/OIV). Kukosha kwekutengeswa kwewaini yeSpain kwakasvika 2.68 bhiriyoni maEuro (Spanish Wine Market Observatory).
Muna 2021 musika wewaini weSpain wakaramba uchibudirira nemutengo wemadhora bhiriyoni gumi nemazana manomwe uye kukura kwakaringana paCompound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) inopfuura 10.7 muzana. Pakati pemhando dzakasiyana dzewaini, ichiri waini yakaramba iri hombe nepo waini inopenya yaive yagadzirira kunyoresa kukurumidza kukura maererano nekukosha. Iyo on-trade yekugovera chiteshi inobata chikamu chikuru uye girazi kurongedza rinoramba riri iro rinonyanya kushandiswa zvinhu. Madrid yakabuda semusika mukuru wewaini munyika.
Mazambiringa
Rioja
Iyo Rioja Dhizaini Yekwakabva (DO) inosanganisira 54,000 mahekita eminda yemizambiringa kuchamhembe kweSpain, kutenderera La Rioja, iyo Basque nyika, uye Navarre. Nzvimbo iyi inopembererwa seimwe yenzvimbo dzeSpain dzinonyanya kugadzira waini. Pakati penzvimbo iyi pane mazambiringa eTempranillo anonyatso kuchengetwa uye kuchembera mumadhiramu omuouki anobudisa mamwe ewaini yakanyanyisa kusimba uye ine mukurumbira pasi rose muEurope yese.
Priory
Nharaunda yewaini yePriorat iri muCatalonia, nzvimbo yekuchera-goho viticulture uko minda yemizambiringa inonamatira kumawere, makomo ane matombo, akamira 100-700 metres pamusoro pegungwa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa aya mazambiringa anotamburira kuti akure, achigadzira mazambiringa ane simba rinoshamisa uye nekufungisisa. Iwaini inogadzirwa izere-yakatsvuka iyo inopa kudzika uye chimiro.
Regulatory Changes
Indasitiri yewaini yeSpain yakaunza mitsva mitsva uye mirau kuti ienderane nekuchinja mafambiro uye kugarisa huwandu hwakawanda hwewaini. Vino de la Terra neVine de Mesa inopa kuchinjika mukuronga waini zvichienderana nenzvimbo uye mhando yekufunga nepo Vinicola de Espana kupatsanura kunobvumira kucherechedzwa kwemhando yepamusoro waini isingakwane mukati meiyo yechinyakare DO masisitimu, nekudaro ichisimudzira kugona muSpanish winemaking. .
Mukufunga kwangu
Evan Goldstein nguva pfupi yadarika akapa waini paFoods and Wines kubva kuSpain chiitiko muNew York City:
- Mazas Garnacha Tinta 2020.
Waini yakagadzirwa kubva kuTinto de Toro, yakasarudzika Spanish clone yeTempranillo, inowedzerwa negumi muzana Garnacha; inoremekedzwa nemubairo weDecanter World Wine Award, Best in Show (10).
Bodegas Mazas yakatsaurirwa mukutsvaga kwekugadzira mazambiringa uye ekutanga waini. Ivo vanozadzisa chinangwa chavo kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwekushandisa tekinoroji yemazuva ano mune yavo winery iri muMorales de Toro. Mazambiringa ese anoshandiswa mukugadzira waini yawo anotorwa kubva muminda yavo yemizambiringa muToro Dhizaini Yekutanga (DO). Nzvimbo iyi ine minda mina yakasarudzika yemizambiringa yakapararira munzvimbo yeToro yeCastilla y Leon. Miviri yeminda yemizambiringa iyi ine makore anodarika makumi masere ekuberekwa ukuwo mimwe miviri ichipfuura makore makumi mashanu. Pamwe chete, minda yemizambiringa inosvika 80 hectares; zvisinei, Bodegas Mazas inosarudza mazambiringa kubva kunhamba shoma yemapasuru ekare emuzambiringa akanakisa kugadzira waini yawo.
Mamiriro ekunze enzvimbo iyi anoonekwa nekunaya kwemvura shoma uye matambudziko anogara achikonzerwa nevhu risina kuorera uye kushanduka kwekushisa kwakanyanya. Mamiriro aya anoburitsa waini ine ruvara rwakanyanya uye michero inonaka.
Notes:
Mazas Garna Tinta 2020 inoratidzira inoyevedza kutaridzika, ine yakadzika, burgundy tsvuku hue zvishoma nezvishoma ichichinja kune yakapfava yepingi rim. Bouquet imhata inoyevedza yema cherries akaibva, anowedzerwa nesymphony yezvinonaka, zvinosanganisira maruva anoyevedza, anonaka matema plums, mastrawberries akaibva, uye akapfava espice nuances akarukwa zvine mutsindo nepasi pasi pevhu. Waini inopa yakasarudzika uye velvety magadzirirwo anoenderera kusvika kumagumo akashongedzwa neinofadza essence yevhu.
2. Coral de Penascal Ethical Rose.
100 muzana Tempranillo. Castilla y Leon, Spain. Vegan, Certified Organic. Sustainable. Bhodhoro rega rega rinobatsira mukudzoreredzwa kwemacoral reef ayo anomiririra 25 muzana yezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana.
Hijos de Antonio Barcelo ibodega ine mukurumbira ine nhaka yakatanga muna 1876. Nhaka yakapfuma yakasanganiswa nemaitiro emazuva ano inoguma newaini isingagumi uye itsva. Iyo Winery ndeye kabhoni isina kwayakarerekera, ichidzikisa yayo kabhoni tsoka uye nharaunda kukanganisa. Waini inoputirwa mumidziyo yakapfava kupasi uye bhodhoro rekupedzisira rinoderedza kutsika kwezvisikwa.
Notes:
Coral de Penascal Ethical Rose iwaini inobata pfungwa. Chitarisiko chayo chekristaro-chakajeka chinoburitsa hunyoro hwekorari hue hunokwezva sekukwezva kwairi kuita. Iyo bouquet ndeye symphony yekunhuhwirira, uko inoyevedza tsvuku currants uye raspberries inotora nzvimbo yepakati, inopindirana inopindirana neinoyevedza manotsi emichero yematombo, inoyeuchidza mapichisi akaibva. Izvi zvinonhuhwirira zvemichero zvinowedzerwa zvinoyevedza nemusana wakajeka wemaruva machena.
Pakunwa rozi rinoyevedza iri, mukanwa unoiswa musanganiswa wezvinonhuwirira zvinoratidzira vimbiso inonhuhwirira. Kutapira kweaprikoti nemapichisi kunotamba pakuravira, zvichiita kusanganiswa kunofadza kwefruity sensations. Paunenge uchingofunga kuti wasangana nazvo zvese, karatidziro kasina kujeka kwepink grapefruit inobuda, ichiwedzera inozorodza uye yezesty twist kune iyi ethereal waini.
3. Verdeal. 20 kubva abril organic Verdejo 2022
Muna 2007, Eduardo Poza akambundira mazambiringa eVerdejo, akatanga rwendo rwakabereka VERDEAL, rudzi rwemazuva ano rwunowana musimboti wayo mudunhu reDO Rueda uye rinopa hunhu hwayo hwakasiyana-siyana uye DNA.
Mazambiringa eVerdejo anoratidza waini chena inopenya uye inosimbisa, inoratidzwa nemavara egirinhi apuro uye zesty citrus, inowedzerwa nemhando dzepichisi, apricot, uye maruva akapfava, zvichizoguma nekupedzisa balsamic inotakura fennel uye aniseed.
Minda yemizambiringa inopa mazambiringa ewaini iyi yakasarudzika ine makore gumi nematatu uye inorimwa zvine mutsindo. Negoho rekugadzira rinobva pa13 kusvika pa6,000 kg pahekita, waini iyi inowana kuwanda kwezvikamu zvemazambiringa, zvichiita kuti waini iwedzere kunaka uye yemhando yepamusoro.
Notes:
Waini inoyevedza iyi inopa yakareruka-yero hue ine zviri pakati nepakati uye inokwezva pfungwa kumhemberero yeVerdejo. Pakufemedza kwekutanga, panoonekwa bouquet inonakidza iyo inoputira zvakakosha zvemichero yepasi uye zesty lime, ichizadza waini nekupenya kunomutsiridza. Kuongorora zvakadzika, mazano emishonga uye miriwo yakasvibirira inobuda, ichiwedzera chidimbu chakaoma kune chiitiko chinonhuwira. Waini inochengetedza kuenzana kunoratidza kutsva uye kusingagumi kupera nemazano emishonga, ichisiya inonaka pamuromo.
© Dr. Elinor Garely. Ichi chinyorwa chekopirisita, kusanganisira mapikicha, chingangodaro chichiburitswa pasina mvumo yakanyorwa kubva kumunyori
