Iyi nhevedzano yeAAA-senge madhairekitori evafambi vatema yakatsikiswa naVictor H. Green kubva 1936 kusvika 1966. Yakanyorwa mahotera, motels, masevhisi, dzimba dzemabhodhi, maresitorendi, uye runako uye zvitoro zvekugera. Yakanga ichishandiswa zvakanyanya apo vafambi veAfrica vekuAmerica vakatarisana nenhamba yemitemo yeJim Crow uye maitiro erusarura aiita kuti kufamba kunetse uye dzimwe nguva kuve nengozi.
Butiro rebhuku ra1949 rakaraira mufambi wechitema, “Takura Green Book newe. Unogona kuzvida.” Uye pasi pemurairo iwoyo paive nekodha kubva kuna Mark Twain iyo inoshungurudza muchirevo chechinyorwa ichi: "Kufamba kunouraya kusarura." Bhuku reGreen rakave nemukurumbira zvakanyanya nemakopi zviuru gumi neshanu akatengeswa edition imwe neimwe munguva yayo. Chakanga chiri chikamu chaidikanwa chenzendo dzemumugwagwa kumhuri dzevatema.
Kunyange zvazvo rusarura rwemarudzi uye hurombo hushoma hutori hwemotokari nevatema vazhinji, veAfrica American middle class vakatenga motokari nokukurumidza sezvavaigona. Zvakadaro, vakatarisana nenjodzi dzakasiyana siyana uye zvipingaidzo munzira, kubva pakuramba chikafu nepekugara kusvika pakusungwa zvisina tsarukano. Zvimwe zviteshi zvepeturu zvaizotengesa gasi kuvatyairi vatema asi zvaisavabvumira kushandisa zvimbudzi.
Mukupindura, Victor H. Green akagadzira gwara rake remasevhisi nenzvimbo dzine hushamwari kune veAfrica America, pakupedzisira vachiwedzera kuvharwa kwayo kubva kunharaunda yeNew York kusvika kune yakawanda yeNorth America. Yakarongwa nematunhu, edition yega yega yakaronga mabhizinesi aisasarura pahwaro hwedzinza. Mubvunzurudzo yakaitwa muna 2010 neNew York Times Lonnie Bunch, Mutungamiriri weNational Museum of African American History and Culture, akatsanangura chikamu ichi cheGreen Book sechishandiso “chaibvumira mhuri kuchengetedza vana vadzo, kuvabatsira kuti vadzinge vanhu vakaipa. padzinogona kukandwa kunze kana kuti kusabvumirwa kugara pane imwe nzvimbo.”
Rondedzero yekutanga yegwaro iri muna 1936 yaive nemapeji gumi nematanhatu uye yakanangana nenzvimbo dzevashanyi muNew York City nekwakapoteredza. Nekupinda kweUS muHondo Yenyika II, yakanga yawedzera kusvika mapeji makumi mana nemasere uye yakafukidza matunhu ese muMubatanidzwa. Makumi maviri emakore gare gare, gwara rakawedzera kusvika pamapeji zana uye rakapa zano kuvashanyi vatema vanoshanyira Canada, Mexico, Europe, Latin America, Africa neCaribbean. Bhuku reGreen raive nezvibvumirano zvekugovera neStandard Oil neEsso iyo yakatengesa mamiriyoni maviri emakopi ne 16. Mukuwedzera, Green yakagadzira sangano rekufambisa.
Kunyange zvazvo Mabhuku eGreen airatidza chokwadi chinovhiringidza cherusaruro rwerudzi rweAmerica, akagonesawo vanhu vemuAfrica vekuAmerica kufamba vaine mwero wekunyaradzwa uye kuchengeteka.
Victor H. Green, mushandi weposvo weHarlem wekuUS, akaburitsa gwara rekutanga muna 1936 riine mapeji gumi nemana ezvinyorwa munzvimbo yeNew York metropolitan yakatorwa netiweki yevashandi veposvo. Pakazosvika ma14, yakanga yakura kusvika paanenge mapeji zana, ichifukidza matunhu makumi mashanu. Kwemakore, vakashandiswa nevatyairi vatema vaida kudzivisa kupatsanurwa kwekufamba kwevanhu vakawanda, vaitsvaga basa vachitamira kuchamhembe munguva yeGreat Migration, mauto achangoburwa akananga kumaodzanyemba kumabhesheni ehondo yeHondo Yenyika II, vatengesi vanofamba uye mhuri dzezororo.
Chiyeuchidzo chokuti migwagwa mikuru yakanga iri pakati penzvimbo shoma dzenyika dzisina kupatsanurwa uye, sezvo motokari dzakava dzinotengeka zvikuru muma 1920s, vanhu vomuAfrica vokuAmerica vakava vanofamba zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose. Muna 1934, kutengeserana kwakawanda mumugwagwa kwakanga kuchiri kurambidzwa kune vafambi vatema. Esso ndiyo yaingova ketani yemasevhisi aishandira vafambi vatema. Zvakadaro, mutyairi wechitema paakangosimuka mumugwagwa mukuru, rusununguko rwemugwagwa wakashama rwakaratidza unyengeri. Jim Crow achiri kurambidza vafambi vatema kubva mukudhonzera mumamotera mazhinji emumugwagwa uye kuwana makamuri ehusiku. Mhuri dzevatema pazororo dzaifanira kuva dzakagadzirira nokuda kwechinoitika chipi nechipi kana dzaizonyimwa pokugara kana kuti zvokudya muresitorendi kana kuti kushandiswa kweimba yokugezera. Vakazadza huro yemotokari dzavo nechikafu, magumbeze nemapiro, kunyange gaba rekofi rekare renguva idzodzo apo vatyairi vemotokari vatema vairambidzwa kushandisa imba yekugezera.
Mutungamiriri ane mukurumbira wekodzero dzevanhu, Congressman John Lewis, akayeuka kuti mhuri yake yakagadzirira sei rwendo muna 1951:
“Pangadai pasina resitorendi yekuti timire kusvikira tabuda muMaodzanyemba, saka takatora resitorendi yedu mumota takananga… Kumira kuti tiwane peturu uye kushandisa chimbuzi kwaida kunyatsoronga. Sekuru Otis vakanga vamboita rwendo urwu, uye vaiziva kuti inzvimbo dzipi munzira dzaipiwa dzimba dzokugezera “dzine mavara” uye kuti ndedzipi dzaive nani kungopfuura. Mepu yedu yakanyorwa, uye nzira yedu yakarongwa nenzira iyoyo, nemadaro ari pakati pezviteshi zvebasa apo kwaizova kusina ngozi kuti timire.”
Kuwana pekugara rakanga riri rimwe rematambudziko makuru akatarisana nevafambi vechitema. Mahotera akawanda, mamotel, uye dzimba dzokudyira hadzina kungoramba bedzi kubatira vatengi vatema, asi zviuru zvamataundi kumativi ose eUnited States zvakazvizivisa zvimene “mataundi okuvira kwezuva,” ayo vose vakanga vasiri vachena vaifanira kusiya pakunyura kwezuva. Huwandu hwemataundi munyika yose hwaive husina miganhu kune veAfrica America. Pakupera kwema1960, kwaive nemaguta angangoita gumi,10,000 ekunyura kwezuva mhiri kweUS - kusanganisira masabhabhu makuru akadai seGlendale, California (paiva nevanhu 60,000 panguva iyoyo); Levittown, New York (80,000 180,000); uye Warren, Michigan (1909). Inopfuura hafu yenharaunda dzakabatanidzwa muIllinois aive mataundi ekunyura kwezuva. Sirogani isiri yepamutemo yaAnna, Illinois, iyo yakadzinga nechisimba vagari veAfrica-America muna 1940, yaive "Hazvibvumirwe MaNigger". Kunyange mumataundi akanga asingasanganisi kurarisa kwavatema usiku hwose, pokugara kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvikuru. Vanhu vemuAfrica vekuAmerica vaitamira kuCalifornia kunotsvaga basa mukutanga kwemaXNUMX vaiwanzozviwana vadzika musasa padivi pemugwagwa usiku hwose nekuda kwekushaya chero pekugara mumahotera munzira. Vainyatsoziva kubatwa kwerusarura kwavaiitwa.
Vafambi veAfrica-America vakatarisana nenjodzi dzepanyama nekuda kwemitemo yakasiyana-siyana yerusarura yaivepo kubva panzvimbo nenzvimbo, uye mukana wemhirizhonga yakasarudzika pamusoro pavo. Mabasa aigamuchirwa munzvimbo imwe aigona kumutsa mhirizhonga mamaira mashoma munzira. Kudarika mitemo yedzinza yakarongwa kana kuti isina kunyorwa, kunyange nokusaziva, kungaisa vafambi mungozi huru. Kunyange tsika yokutyaira yakakanganiswa nourudzi; mudunhu reMisissippi Delta, tsika yeko yairambidza vatema kukunda vachena, kudzivirira kusimudza huruva kubva mumigwagwa isina tara kuti vavhare mota dzevachena. Muenzaniso wakabuda wevachena vachikuvadza nemaune mota dzevatema kuti vaise varidzi vadzo "panzvimbo yavo". Kumira chero kupi kwaisazivikanwa kuva kwakakotsekana, kunyange kubvumira vana vari mumotokari kuti vazvisunungure vamene, kwakapa ngozi; vabereki vaizokurudzira vana vavo kudzora chishuvo chavo chokushandisa imba yokugezera kutozosvikira vagona kuwana nzvimbo yakakotsekana yokumira, sezvo “nzira idzodzo dzokudzokera shure dzaingova dzine ngozi zvikuru kuti vabereki vamire kuti vasiye vana vavo vaduku vatema.”
Maererano nemutungamiriri wekodzero dzevanhu Julian Bond, achiyeuka kushandisa kwevabereki vake Green Book, “Rakanga riri bhuku rinotungamirira raikuudza kwete uko kwaifanira kudyira kwakanakisisa, asi uko kwaiva nenzvimbo ipi neipi yokudyira. Iwe unofunga nezvezvinhu izvo vafambi vakawanda vanotora sezvisingakoshi, kana kuti vanhu vazhinji nhasi vanotora seyakareruka. Kana ndikaenda kuNew York City uye ndichida kugerwa bvudzi, zviri nyore kwandiri kuwana nzvimbo iyo inogona kuitika, asi zvakanga zvisiri nyore ipapo. Vageri vachena vaisagera vhudzi revanhu vatema. Vachena runako parlors havangatore vakadzi vatema sevatengi - mahotera uye zvichingodaro, pasi pemutsara. Waida Bhuku reGreen kuti rikuudze kwaungaenda usina magonhi anoroverwa kumeso kwako. "
Sekunyora kwakaita Victor Green mubhuku ra1949, “kuchave nerimwe zuva munguva pfupi iri kutevera apo gwara iri risingazobudiswe. Ndipo apo isu semujaho tichava nemikana yakaenzana uye neropafadzo muUnited States. Richange riri zuva guru kwatiri kumisa chinyorwa ichi kuti tigoenda kwese kwatinoda, uye pasina kunyara…. Ndipo apo isu semujaho tichava nemikana yakaenzana neropafadzo muUnited States. "
Zuva iroro rakazosvika apo Civil Rights Act ya1964 yakava mutemo wenyika. The yekupedzisira Negro Motorist Green Book rakabudiswa muna 1966. Mushure memakore makumi mashanu nerimwe, nepo Americas nzira dzemugwagwa masevhisi ane demokrasi kupfuura nakare kose, kuchine nzvimbo uko maAfrica America asingagamuchirwi.
Munyori, Stanley Turkel, ane masimba anozivikanwa uye mupangamazano muindastiri yehotera. Anoshanda muhotera yake, kugamuchira vaeni uye kuita zvehunyanzvi zvine hunyanzvi mukutarisira kweaseti, kuongororwa kwekushanda uye kushanda kwezvibvumirano zvekutengesa zvehotera uye kupihwa rutsigiro. Vatengi varidzi vemahotera, vatengesi uye masangano ekukweretesa. Mabhuku ake anosanganisira: Great American Hoteliers: Mapiyona eiyo Hotel Indasitiri (2009), Yakavakirwa Kupedzisira: 100+ Yemakore-Mahotera Mahara muNew York (2011), Yakavakirwa Kupedzisira: 100+ Makore-Akare Mahotera Kumabvazuva kweMississippi (2013) ), Hotel Mavens: Lucius M. Boomer, George C. Boldt naOscar weWaldorf (2014), Great American Hoteliers Vhoriyamu 2: Mapiyona eiyo Hotera Indasitiri (2016), nebhuku rake nyowani, Yakavakirwa Kupedzisira: 100+ Gore -Old Hotels West of the Mississippi (2017) - inowanikwa mune hardback, mapepa, uye Ebook fomati - umo Ian Schrager akanyora muzita rekutanga: "Iri bhuku chairo rinopedzisa trilogy ye182 hotera nhoroondo dzechinyakare zvivakwa zvemakamuri makumi mashanu kana kupfuura… "Ndinonzwa nemoyo wese kuti chikoro chese chemuhotera chinofanira kuve nemaseti emabhuku aya uye nekuaita kuti averengere vadzidzi vavo nevashandi."
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